我今晚不是以美国总统的身份向各位发言，我也不是一个国家的元首，而是人类的一员，人类面对的最大的挑战。圣经上说这是世界末日，万物毁灭。不过这是地球历上人类首次有能力避免遭到毁灭，我要让大家知道，我们已经尽一切努力避免这场浩劫，人类追求的知识结晶，对科学的苦心钻研，冒险飞向太空的努力，现代科技的成果和想象力，甚至来自战争的经验，都为这场生死战提供利器，在多灾多难的历史上，人类曾经犯过多少错，人类曾经受过多少苦难，经过这么多年。只有一种情操，能让人类继续存在下去,那就是勇气，全世界的希望都寄托在这十四名勇士身上，他们将飞向太空。让全球的人类目睹你们的英雄事迹，愿上帝保佑，祝你们好运。”
I address you tonight, not as the President of the United States, not as the leader of a country, but as a citizen of humanity.We are faced with the very gravest of challenges.The Bible calls this day Armageddon, the end of all things.And yet, for the first time in the history of the planet, a species has the technology to prevent its own extinction.All of you praying with us need to know that everything that can be done to prevent this disaster is being called into service.The human thirst for excellence, knowledge, every step up the ladder of science, every adventurous reach into space, all of our combined modern technologies and imaginations, even the wars that we’ve fought, have provided us the tools to wage this terrible battle.Through all the chaos that is our history, through all of the wrongs and the discord, through all of the pain and suffering, through all of our times, there is one thing that has nourished our souls.And elevated our species above its origins, and that is our courage.Dreams of an entire planet are focused tonight on those 14 brave souls traveling into the heavens.And may we all, citizens the world over, see these events through.Godspeed and good luck to you.
第44任总统奥巴马发表就职演说
My fellow citizens: 我的同胞们：
I stand here today humbled by the task before us, grateful for the trust you have bestowed, mindful of the sacrifices borne by our ancestors.I thank President Bush for his service to our nation, as well as the generosity and cooperation he has shown throughout this transition.今天我站在这里，看到眼前面临的重大任务，深感卑微。我感谢你们对我的信任，也知道先辈们为了这个国家所作的牺牲。我要感谢布什总统为国家做出的贡献，以及感谢他在两届政府过渡期间给与的慷慨协作。
Forty-four Americans have now taken the presidential oath.The words have been spoken during rising tides of prosperity and the still waters of peace.Yet, every so often the oath is taken amidst gathering clouds and raging storms.At these moments, America has carried on not simply because of the skill or vision of those in high office, but because We the People have remained faithful to the ideals of our forbearers, and true to our founding documents.迄今为止，已经有44个美国总统宣誓就职。总统的宣誓有时面对的是国家的和平繁荣，但通常面临的是乌云密布的紧张形势。在紧张的形势中，支持美国前进的不仅仅是领导人的能力和远见，也在于美国人民对国家先驱者理想的信仰，以及对美国立国文件的忠诚。
So it has been.So it must be with this generation of Americans.前辈们如此，我们这一代美国人也要如此。
That we are in the midst of crisis is now well understood.Our nation is at war, against a far-reaching network of violence and hatred.Our economy is badly weakened, a consequence of greed and irresponsibility on the part of some, but also our collective failure to make hard choices and prepare the nation for a new age.Homes have been lost;jobs shed;businesses shuttered.Our healthcare is too costly;our schools fail too many;and each day brings further evidence that the ways we use energy strengthen our adversaries and threaten our planet.现在我们都深知，我们身处危机之中。我们的国家在战斗，对手是影响深远的暴力和憎恨；国家的经济也受到严重的削弱，原因虽有一些人的贪婪和不负责任，但更为重要的是我们作为一个整体在一些重大问题上决策失误，同时也未能做好应对新时代的准备。我们的人民正在失去家园，失去工作，很多企业倒闭。社会的医疗过于昂贵、学校教育让许多人失望，而且每天都会有新的证据显示，我们利用能源的方式助长了我们的敌对势力，同时也威胁着我们的星球。
These are the indicators of crisis, subject to data and statistics.Less measurable but no less profound is a sapping of confidence across our landthey will be met.今天我要说，我们的确面临着很多严峻的挑战，而且在短期内不大可能轻易解决。但是我们要相信，我们一定会度过难关。
On this day, we gather because we have chosen hope over fear, unity of purpose over conflict and discord.今天，我们在这里齐聚一堂，因为我们战胜恐惧选择了希望，摒弃了冲突和矛盾而选择了团结。
On this day, we come to proclaim an end to the petty grievances and false promises, the recriminations and worn out dogmas, that for far too long have strangled our politics.今天，我们宣布要为无谓的摩擦、不实的承诺和指责画上句号，我们要打破牵制美国政治发展的若干陈旧教条。
We remain a young nation, but in the words of Scripture, the time has come to set aside childish things.The time has come to reaffirm our enduring spirit;to choose our better history;to carry forward that precious gift, that noble idea, passed on from generation to generation: the God-given promise that all are equal, all are free, and all deserve a chance to pursue their full measure of happiness.美国仍是一个年轻的国家，借用《圣经》的话说，放弃幼稚的时代已经到来了。重拾坚韧精神的时代已经到来，我们要为历史作出更好的选择，我们要秉承历史赋予的宝贵权利，秉承那种代代相传的高贵理念：上帝赋予我们每个人以平等和自由，以及每个人尽全力去追求幸福的机会。
In reaffirming the greatness of our nation, we understand that greatness is never a given.It must be earned.Our journey has never been one of short-cuts or settling for less.It has not been the path for the faint-heartedsome celebrated but more often men and women obscure in their labour, who have carried us up the long, rugged path towards prosperity and freedom.在重申我们国家伟大之处的同时，我们深知伟大从来不是上天赐予的，伟大需要努力赢得。（我们的民族一路走来），这旅途之中从未有过捷径或者妥协，这旅途也不适合胆怯之人、或者爱安逸胜过爱工作之人、或者单单追求名利之人。这条路是勇于承担风险者之路，是实干家、创造者之路。这其中有一些人名留青史，但是更多的人却在默默无闻地工作着。正是这些人带领我们走过了漫长崎岖的旅行，带领我们走向富强和自由。
For us, they packed up their few worldly possessions and traveled across oceans in search of a new life.For us, they toiled in sweatshops and settled the west;endured the lash of the whip and plowed the hard earth.For us, they fought and died, in places like Concord and Gettysburg;Normandy and Khe Sahn.为了我们，先辈们带着微薄的细软，横渡大洋，寻找新生活；为了我们，先辈们忍辱负重，用血汗浇铸工厂；为了我们，先辈们在荒芜的西部大地辛勤耕作，定居他乡；为了我们，先辈们奔赴（独立战争中的）康科德城和葛底斯堡、（二战中的）诺曼底、（越战中的）Khe Sahn，他们征战、死去。
Time and again these men and women struggled and sacrificed and worked till their hands were raw so that we might live a better life.They saw America as bigger than the sum of our inpidual ambitions;greater than all the differences of birth or wealth or faction.一次又一次，我们的先辈们战斗着、牺牲着、操劳着，只为了我们可以生活得更好。在他们看来，美国的 强盛与伟大超越了个人雄心，也超越了个人的出身、贫富和派别差异。
This is the journey we continue today.We remain the most prosperous, powerful nation on Earth.Our workers are no less productive than when this crisis began.Our minds are no less inventive, our goods and services no less needed than they were last week or last month or last year.Our capacity remains undiminished.But our time of standing pat, of protecting narrow interests and putting off unpleasant decisionsnot only to create new jobs, but to lay a new foundation for growth.We will build the roads and bridges, the electric grids and digital lines that feed our commerce and bind us together.We will restore science to its rightful place, and wield technology's wonders to raise healthcare's quality and lower its cost.We will harness the sun and the winds and the soil to fuel our cars and run our factories.And we will transform our schools and colleges and universities to meet the demands of a new age.All this we can do.And all this we will do.我目之所及，都有工作有待完成。国家的经济情况要求我们采取大胆且快速的行动，我们的确是要行动，不仅是要创造就业，更要为（下一轮经济）增长打下新的基础。我们将造桥铺路，为企业铺设电网和数字线路，将我们联系在一起。我们将回归科学，运用科技的奇迹提高医疗质量，降低医疗费用。我们将利用风能、太阳能和土壤驱动车辆，为工厂提供能源。我们将改革中小学以及大专院校，以适应新时代的要求。这一切，我们都能做到，而且我们都将会做到。
Now, there are some who question the scale of our ambitionsthat the stale political arguments that have consumed us for so long no longer apply.The question we ask today is not whether our government is too big or too small, but whether it worksto spend wisely, reform bad habits and do our business in the light of dayand that a nation cannot prosper long when it favours only the prosperous.The success of our economy has always depended not just on the size of our gross domestic product, but on the reach f;on our ability to extend opportunity to every willing hearteven greater cooperation and understanding between nations.We will begin to responsibly leave Iraq to its people, and forge a hard-earned peace in Afghanistan.With old friends and former foes, we will work tirelessly to lessen the nuclear threat, and roll back the specter of a warming planet.We will not apologise for our way of life, nor will we waver in its defence, and for those who seek to advance their aims by inducing terror and slaughtering innocents, we say to you now that our spirit is stronger and cannot be broken;you cannot outlast us, and we will defeat you.我们继承了这些遗产。在这些原则的再次领导下，我们有能力应对新的威胁，我们需要付出更多的努力、进行国家间更广泛的合作以及增进国家间的理解。首先，我们将以负责任的态度，将伊拉克交还给伊拉克人民，同时巩固阿富汗来之不易的和平。对于老朋友和老对手，我们将继续努力，不遗余力，削弱核威胁，遏制全球变暖的幽灵。我们不会为我们的生活方式感到报歉，我们会不动摇地扞卫我们的生活方式。对于那些企图通过恐怖主义或屠杀无辜平民达成目标的人，我们要对他们说：我们的信仰更加坚定，不可动摇，你们不可能拖垮我们，我们定将战胜你们。
For we know that our patchwork heritage is a strength, not a weakness.We are a nation of Christians and Muslims, Jews and Hindusknow that your people will judge you on what you can build, not what you destroy.To those who cling to power through corruption and deceit and the silencing of dissent, know that you are on the wrong side of history;but that we will extend a hand if you are willing to unclench your fist.对于穆斯林世界，我们将基于共同的利益和信仰，寻找更好的合作之路。对于那些在世界各个地方挑起冲突或一味批评西方不良影响的领导者：你的人民评判你的依据是你建立了什么，而不是破坏了什么。对于那些依靠腐败和欺骗并压制异议而追求权利的人们：你们站在了人类历史的对立面。如果你们能张开紧握的拳头，我们也将伸出友谊之手。
To the people of poor nations, we pledge to work alongside you to make your farms flourish and let clean waters flow;to nourish starved bodies and feed hungry minds.And to those nations like ours that enjoy relative plenty, we say we can no longer afford indifference to suffering outside our borders;nor can we consume the world's resources without regard to effect.For the world has changed, and we must change with it.对于那些贫穷的人们，我们保证和你们一起建设繁茂的农场和干净的水源，滋养那些饥寒交迫的身体和心灵。对于那些与我们一样相对富裕的国家，我们不能再对外界的苦难漠不关心，更不能继续大肆索取世界的资源。世界必须改变，我们都必须改变。
As we consider the road that unfolds before us, we remember with humble gratitude those brave Americans who, at this very hour, patrol far-off deserts and distant mountains.They have something to tell us today, just as the fallen heroes who lie in Arlington whisper through the ages.We honour them not only because they are guardians of our liberty, but because they embody the spirit of service;a willingness to find meaning in something greater than themselves.And yet, at this momentit is precisely this spirit that must inhabit us all.当我们审视前方的道路时，我们会感激那些跨越千山万水来到这里的人们。今天，他们有话对我们说，也是安息在阿林顿国家公墓里的先烈们时刻提醒我们的。我们尊敬他们不仅因为是他们捍卫了我们的自由，更因为他们正是奉献精神的化身；他们致力于寻找远高于自身的生命真谛。而此时，在这个特殊的时代，我们更需让这种精神长存。
For as much as government can do and must do, it is ultimately the faith and determination of the American people upon which this nation relies.It is the kindness to take in a stranger when the levees break, the selflessness of workers who would rather cut their hours than see a friend lose their job which sees us through our darkest hours.It is the firefighter's courage to storm a stairway filled with smoke, but also a parent's willingness to nurture a child, that finally decides our fate.因为无论美国政府能做多少，必须做多少，美国国家的立国之本最终还是美国人的决心和信念。于防洪堤坝决堤之时收留陌生受难者的善意，于在经济不景气的时候宁愿减少自己工时也不肯看着朋友失业的无私，正是他们支撑我们走过黑暗的时刻。消防队员冲入满是浓烟的楼梯抢救生命的勇气，父母养育孩子的坚持，正是这些决定了我们的命运。
Our challenges may be new.The instruments with which we meet them may be new.But those values upon which our success dependsthese things are old.These things are true.They have been the quiet force of progress throughout our history.What is demanded then is a return to these truths.What is required of us now is a new era of responsibilitythe knowledge that God calls on us to shape an uncertain destiny.我们自信源于对上帝的信仰，上帝号召我们要掌握自己的命运。
This is the meaning of our liberty and our creed-why men and women and children of every race and every faith can join in celebration across this magnificent mall, and why a man whose father less than sixty years ago might not have been served at a local restaurant can now stand before you to take a most sacred oath.这就是我们自由和信仰的意义，这也是为何不同种族、不同信仰、不同性别和年龄的人可以同聚一堂在此欢庆的原因，也是我今天能站在这里庄严宣誓的原因，而在50多年前我的父亲甚至都不能成为地方餐馆的服务生。
So let us mark this day with remembrance, of who we are and how far we have traveled.In the year of America's birth, in the coldest of months, a small band of patriots huddled by dying campfires on the shores of an icy river.The capital was abandoned.The enemy was advancing.The snow was stained with blood.At a moment when the outcome of our revolution was most in doubt, the father of our nation ordered these words be read to the people: 所以，让我们铭记自己的身份，镌刻自己的足迹。在美国诞生的时代，那最寒冷的岁月里，一群勇敢的爱国人士围着篝火在冰封的河边取暖。首都被占领，敌人在挺进，冬天的雪被鲜血染成了红色。在美国大革命最受质疑的时刻，我们的国父们这样说：
“Let it be told to the future world...that in the depth of winter, when nothing but hope and virtue could survive...that the city and the country, alarmed at one common danger, came forth to meet [it].” “我们要让未来的世界知道……在深冬的严寒里，唯有希望和勇气才能让我们存活……面对共同的危险时，我们的城市和国家要勇敢地上前去面对。”
America.In the face of our common dangers, in this winter of our hardship, let us remember these timeless words.With hope and virtue, let us brave once more the icy currents, and endure what storms may come.Let it be said by our children's children that when we were tested we refused to let this journey end, that we did not turn back nor did we falter;and with eyes fixed on the horizon and God's grace upon us, we carried forth that great gift of freedom and delivered it safely to future generations.今天的美国也在严峻的寒冬中面对共同的挑战，让我们记住国父们不朽的语言。带着希望和勇气，让我们再一次勇敢地面对寒流，迎接可能会发生的风暴。我们要让我们的子孙后代记住，在面临挑战的时候，我们没有屈服，我们没有逃避也没有犹豫，我们脚踏实地、心怀信仰，秉承了宝贵的自由权利并将其安全地交到了下一代的手中。2024年美国总统布什就职演说
Inaugural Address of George W.Bush
January 20, 2024
President Clinton, distinguished guests and my fellow citizens:
The peaceful transfer of authority is rare in history, yet common in our country.With a simple oath, we affirm old traditions and make new beginnings.As I begin, I thank President Clinton for his service to our nation;and I thank Vice President Gore for a contest conducted with spirit and ended with grace.I am honored and humbled to stand here, where so many of America's leaders have come before me, and so many will follow.We have a place, all of us, in a long story.A story we continue, but whose end we will not see.It is the story of a new world that became a friend and liberator of the old, a story of a slave-holding society that became a servant of freedom, the story of a power that went into the world to protect but not possess, to defend but not to conquer.It is the American story.A story of flawed and fallible people, united across the generations by grand and enduring ideals.The grandest of these ideals is an unfolding American promise that everyone belongs, that everyone deserves a chance, that no insignificant person was ever born.Americans are called upon to enact this promise in our lives and in our laws;and though our nation has sometimes halted, and sometimes delayed, we must follow no other course.Through much of the last century, America's faith in freedom and democracy was a rock in a raging sea.Now it is a seed upon the wind, taking root in many nations.Our democratic faith is more than the creed of our country, it is the inborn hope of our humanity, an ideal we carry but do not own, a trust we bear and pass along;and even after nearly 225 years, we have a long way yet to travel.While many of our citizens prosper, others doubt the promise, even the justice, of our own country.The ambitions of some Americans are limited by failing schools and hidden prejudice and the circumstances of their birth;and sometimes our differences run so deep, it seems we share a continent, but not a country.We do not accept this, and we will not allow it.Our unity, our union, is the serious work of leaders and citizens in every generation;and this is my solemn pledge, “I will work to build a single nation of justice and opportunity.” I know this is in our reach because we are guided by a power larger than ourselves who creates us equal in His image and we are confident in principles that unite and lead us onward.America has never been united by blood or birth or soil.We are bound by ideals that move us beyond our backgrounds, lift us above our interests and teach us what it means to be citizens.Every child must be taught these principles.Every citizen must uphold them;and every immigrant, by embracing these ideals, makes our country more, not less, American.Today, we affirm a new commitment to live out our nation's promise through civility, courage, compassion and character.America, at its best, matches a commitment to principle with a concern for civility.A civil society demands from each of us good will and respect, fair dealing and forgiveness.Some seem to believe that our politics can afford to be petty because, in a time of peace, the stakes of our debates appear small.But the stakes for America are never small.If our country does not lead the cause of freedom, it will not be led.If we do not turn the hearts of children toward knowledge and character, we will lose their gifts and undermine their idealism.If we permit our economy to drift and decline, the vulnerable will suffer most.We must live up to the calling we share.Civility is not a tactic or a sentiment.It is the determined choice of trust over cynicism, of community over chaos.This commitment, if we keep it, is a way to shared accomplishment.America, at its best, is also courageous.Our national courage has been clear in times of depression and war, when defending common dangers defined our common good.Now we must choose if the example of our fathers and mothers will inspire us or condemn us.We must show courage in a time of blessing by confronting problems instead of passing them on to future generations.Together, we will reclaim America's schools, before ignorance and apathy claim more young lives;we will reform Social Security and Medicare, sparing our children from struggles we have the power to prevent;we will reduce taxes, to recover the momentum of our economy and reward the effort and enterprise of working Americans;we will build our defenses beyond challenge, lest weakness invite challenge;and we will confront weapons of mass destruction, so that a new century is spared new horrors.The enemies of liberty and our country should make no mistake, America remains engaged in the world by history and by choice, shaping a balance of power that favors freedom.We will defend our allies and our interests;we will show purpose without arrogance;we will meet aggression and bad faith with resolve and strength;and to all nations, we will speak for the values that gave our nation birth.America, at its best, is compassionate.In the quiet of American conscience, we know that deep, persistent poverty is unworthy of our nation's promise.Whatever our views of its cause, we can agree that children at risk are not at fault.Abandonment and abuse are not acts of God, they are failures of love.The proliferation of prisons, however necessary, is no substitute for hope and order in our souls.Where there is suffering, there is duty.Americans in need are not strangers, they are citizens, not problems, but priorities, and all of us are diminished when any are hopeless.Government has great responsibilities for public safety and public health, for civil rights and common schools.Yet compassion is the work of a nation, not just a government.Some needs and hurts are so deep they will only respond to a mentor's touch or a pastor's prayer.Church and charity, synagogue and mosque lend our communities their humanity, and they will have an honored place in our plans and in our laws.Many in our country do not know the pain of poverty, but we can listen to those who do.I can pledge our nation to a goal, “When we see that wounded traveler on the road to Jericho, we will not pass to the other side.”
America, at its best, is a place where personal responsibility is valued and expected.Encouraging responsibility is not a search for scapegoats, it is a call to conscience.Though it requires sacrifice, it brings a deeper fulfillment.We find the fullness of life not only in options, but in commitments.We find that children and community are the commitments that set us free.Our public interest depends on private character, on civic duty and family bonds and basic fairness, on uncounted, unhonored acts of decency which give direction to our freedom.Sometimes in life we are called to do great things.But as a saint of our times has said, every day we are called to do small things with great love.The most important tasks of a democracy are done by everyone.I will live and lead by these principles, “to advance my convictions with civility, to pursue the public interest with courage, to speak for greater justice and compassion, to call for responsibility and try to live it as well.” In all of these ways, I will bring the values of our history to the care of our times.What you do is as important as anything government does.I ask you to seek a common good beyond your comfort;to defend needed reforms against easy attacks;to serve your nation, beginning with your neighbor.I ask you to be citizens.Citizens, not spectators;citizens, not subjects;responsible citizens, building communities of service and a nation of character.Americans are generous and strong and decent, not because we believe in ourselves, but because we hold beliefs beyond ourselves.When this spirit of citizenship is missing, no government program can replace it.When this spirit is present, no wrong can stand against it.After the Declaration of Independence was signed, Virginia statesman John Page wrote to Thomas Jefferson, “We know the race is not to the swift nor the battle to the strong.Do you not think an angel rides in the whirlwind and directs this storm?” Much time has passed since Jefferson arrived for his inauguration.The years and changes accumulate, but the themes of this day he would know, “our nation's grand story of courage and its simple dream of dignity.”
We are not this story's author, who fills time and eternity with His purpose.Yet His purpose is achieved in our duty, and our duty is fulfilled in service to one another.Never tiring, never yielding, never finishing, we renew that purpose today;to make our country more just and generous;to affirm the dignity of our lives and every life.This work continues.This story goes on.And an angel still rides in the whirlwind and directs this storm.God bless you all, and God bless America.乔治-布什2024年就职演说
谢谢大家！
尊敬的芮恩奎斯特大法官，卡特总统，布什总统，克林顿总统，尊敬的来宾们，我的同胞们，这次权利的和平过渡在历史上是罕见的，但在美国是平常的。我们以朴素的宣誓庄严地维护了古老的传统，同时开始了新的历程。
首先，我要感谢克林顿总统为这个国家作出的贡献，也感谢副总统戈尔在竞选过程中的热情与风度。
站在这里，我很荣幸，也有点受宠若惊。在我之前，许多美国领导人从这里起步；在我之后，也会有许多领导人从这里继续前进。
在美国悠久的历史中，我们每个人都有自己的位置；我们还在继续推动着历史前进，但是我们不可能看到它的尽头。这是一部新世界的发展史，是一部后浪推前浪的历史。这是一部美国由奴隶制社会发展成为崇尚自由的社会的历史。这是一个强国保护而不是占有世界的历史，是捍卫而不是征服世界的历史。这就是美国史。它不是一部十全十美的民族发展史，但它是一部在伟大和永恒理想指导下几代人团结奋斗的历史。
这些理想中最伟大的是正在慢慢实现的美国的承诺，这就是：每个人都有自身的价值，每个人都有成功的机会，每个人天生都会有所作为的。美国人民肩负着一种使命，那就是要竭力将这个诺言变成生活中和法律上的现实。虽然我们的国家过去在追求实现这个承诺的途中停滞不前甚至倒退，但我们仍将坚定不移地完成这一使命。
在上个世纪的大部分时间里，美国自由民主的信念犹如汹涌大海中的岩石。现在它更像风中的种子，把自由带给每个民族。在我们的国家，民主不仅仅是一种信念，而是全人类的希望。民主，我们不会独占，而会竭力让大家分享。民主，我们将铭记于心并且不断传播。225年过去了，我们仍有很长的路要走。
有很多公民取得了成功，但也有人开始怀疑，怀疑我们自己的国家所许下的诺言，甚至怀疑它的公正。失败的教育，潜在的偏见和出身的环境限制了一些美国人的雄心。有时，我们的分歧是如此之深，似乎我们虽身处同一个大陆，但不属于同一个国家。我们不能接受这种分歧，也无法容许它的存在。我们的团结和统一，是每一代领导人和每一个公民的严肃使命。在此，我郑重宣誓：我将竭力建设一个公正、充满机会的统一国家。我知道这是我们的目标，因为上帝按自己的身形创造了我们，上帝高于一切的力量将引导我们前进。
对这些将我们团结起来并指引我们向前的原则，我们充满信心。血缘、出身或地域从未将美国联合起来。只有理想，才能使我们心系一处，超越自己，放弃个人利益，并逐步领会何谓公民。每个孩子都必须学习这些原则。每个公民都必须坚持这些原则。每个移民，只有接受这些原则，才能使我们的国家不丧失而更具美国特色今天，我们在这里重申一个新的信念，即通过发扬谦恭、勇气、同情心和个性的精神来实现我们国家的理想。美国在它最鼎盛时也没忘记遵循谦逊有礼的原则。一个文明的社会需要我们每个人品质优良，尊重他人，为人公平和宽宏大量。
有人认为我们的政治制度是如此的微不足道，因为在和平年代，我们所争论的话题都是无关紧要的。但是，对我们美国来说，我们所讨论的问题从来都不是什么小事。如果我们不领导和平事业，那么和平将无人来领导；如果我们不引导我们的孩子们真心地热爱知识、发挥个性，他们的天分将得不到发挥，理想 将难以实现。如果我们不采取适当措施，任凭经济衰退，最大的受害者将是平民百姓。
我们应该时刻听取时代的呼唤。谦逊有礼不是战术也不是感情用事。这是我们最坚定的选择--在批评声中赢得信任；在混乱中寻求统一。如果遵循这样的承诺，我们将会享有共同的成就。
美国有强大的国力作后盾，将会勇往直前。
在大萧条和战争时期，我们的人民在困难面前表现得无比英勇，克服我们共同的困难体现了我们共同的优秀品质。现在，我们正面临着选择，如果我们作出正确的选择，祖辈一定会激励我们；如果我们的选择是错误的，祖辈会谴责我们的。上帝正眷顾着这个国家，我们必须显示出我们的勇气，敢于面对问题，而不是将它们遗留给我们的后代。
我们要共同努力，健全美国的学校教育，不能让无知和冷漠吞噬更多的年轻生命。我们要改革社会医疗和保险制度，在力所能及的范围内拯救我们的孩子。我们要减低税收，恢复经济，酬劳辛勤工作的美国人民。我们要防患于未然，懈怠会带来麻烦。我们还要阻止武器泛滥，使新的世纪摆脱恐怖的威胁。
反对自由和反对我们国家的人应该明白：美国仍将积极参与国际事务，力求世界力量的均衡，让自由的力量遍及全球。这是历史的选择。我们会保护我们的盟国，捍卫我们的利益。我们将谦逊地向世界人民表示我们的目标。我们将坚决反击各种侵略和不守信用的行径。我们要向全世界宣传孕育了我们伟大民族的价值观。
正处在鼎盛时期的美国也不缺乏同情心。
当我们静心思考，我们就会明了根深蒂固的贫穷根本不值得我国作出承诺。无论我们如何看待贫穷的原因，我们都必须承认，孩子敢于冒险不等于在犯错误。放纵与滥用都为上帝所不容。这些都是缺乏爱的结果。监狱数量的增长虽然看起来是有必要的，但并不能代替我们心中的希望-人人遵纪守法。
哪里有痛苦，我们的义务就在哪里。对我们来说，需要帮助的美国人不是陌生人，而是我们的公民；不是负担，而是急需救助的对象。当有人陷入绝望时，我们大家都会因此变得渺小。
对公共安全和大众健康，对民权和学校教育，政府都应负有极大的责任。然而，同情心不只是政府的职责，更是整个国家的义务。有些需要是如此的迫切，有些伤痕是如此的深刻，只有导师的爱抚、牧师的祈祷才能有所感触。不论是教堂还是慈善机构、犹太会堂还是清真寺，都赋予了我们的社会它们特有的人性，因此它们理应在我们的建设和法律上受到尊重。
我们国家的许多人都不知道贫穷的痛苦。但我们可以听到那些感触颇深的人们的倾诉。我发誓我们的国家要达到一种境界：当我们看见受伤的行人倒在远行的路上，我们决不会袖手旁观。
正处于鼎盛期的美国重视并期待每个人担负起自己的责任。
鼓励人们勇于承担责任不是让人们充当替罪羊，而是对人的良知的呼唤。虽然承担责任意味着牺牲个人利益，但是你能从中体会到一种更加深刻的成就感。
我们实现人生的完整不单是通过摆在我们面前的选择，而且是通过我们的实践来实现。我们知道，通过对整个社会和我们的孩子们尽我们的义务，我们将得到最终自由。
我们的公共利益依赖于我们独立的个性；依赖于我们的公民义务，家庭纽带和基本的公正；依赖于我们无数的、默默无闻的体面行动，正是它们指引我们走向自由。
在生活中，有时我们被召唤着去做一些惊天动地的事情。但是，正如我们时代的一位圣人所言，每一天我们都被召唤带着挚爱去做一些小事情。一个民主制度最重要的任务是由大家每一个人来完成的。
我为人处事的原则包括：坚信自己而不强加于人，为公众的利益勇往直前，追求正义而不乏同情心，勇担责任而决不推卸。我要通过这一切，用我们历史上传统价值观来哺育我们的时代。
(同胞们)，你们所做的一切和政府的工作同样重要。我希望你们不要仅仅追求个人享受而忽略公众的利益；要捍卫既定的改革措施，使其不会轻易被攻击；要从身边小事做起，为我们的国家效力。我希望你们成为真正的公民，而不是旁观者，更不是臣民。你们应成为有责任心的公民，共同来建设一个互帮互助的社会和有特色的国家。
美国人民慷慨、强大、体面，这并非因为我们信任我们自己，而是因为我们拥有超越我们自己的信念。一旦这种公民精神丧失了，无论何种政府计划都无法弥补它。一旦这种精神出现了，无论任何错误都无法抗衡它。
在《独立宣言》签署之后，弗吉尼亚州的政治家约翰?佩齐曾给托马斯?杰弗逊写信说：“我们知道，身手敏捷不一定就能赢得比赛，力量强大不一定就能赢得战争。难道这一切不都是上帝安排的吗？”
杰斐逊就任总统的那个年代离我们已经很远了。时光飞逝，美国发生了翻天覆地的变化。但是有一点他肯定能够预知，即我们这个时代的主题仍然是：我们国家无畏向前的恢宏故事和它追求尊严的纯朴梦想。
我们不是这个故事的作者，是杰斐逊作者本人的伟大理想穿越时空，并通过我们每天的努力在变为现实。我们正在通过大家的努力在履行着各自的职责。
带着永不疲惫、永不气馁、永不完竭的信念，今天我们重树这样的目标：使我们的国家变得更加公正、更加慷慨，去验证我们每个人和所有人生命的尊严。
这项工作必须继续下去。这个故事必须延续下去。上帝会驾驭我们航行的。
愿上帝保佑大家！愿上帝保佑美国！1993年美国总统克林顿就职演说
January 20, 1993
My fellow citizens :
Today we celebrate the mystery of American renewal.This ceremony is held in the depth of winter.But, by the words we speak and the faces we show the world, we force the spring.A spring reborn in the world's oldest democracy, that brings forth the vision and courage to reinvent America.When our founders boldly declared America's independence to the world and our purposes to the Almighty, they knew that America, to endure, would have to change.Not change for change's sake, but change to preserve America's ideals;life, liberty, the pursuit of happiness.Though we march to the music of our time, our mission is timeless.Each generation of Americans must define what it means to be an American.On behalf of our nation, I salute my predecessor, President Bush, for his half-century of service to America.And I thank the millions of men and women whose steadfastness and sacrifice triumphed over Depression, fascism and Communism.Today, a generation raised in the shadows of the Cold War assumes new responsibilities in a world warmed by the sunshine of freedom but threatened still by ancient hatreds and new plagues.Raised in unrivaled prosperity, we inherit an economy that is still the world's strongest, but is weakened by business failures, stagnant wages, increasing inequality, and deep pisions among our people.When George Washington first took the oath I have just sworn to uphold, news traveled slowly across the land by horseback and across the ocean by boat.Now, the sights and sounds of this ceremony are broadcast instantaneously to billions around the world.Communications and commerce are global;investment is mobile;technology is almost magical;and ambition for a better life is now universal.We earn our livelihood in peaceful competition with people all across the earth.Profound and powerful forces are shaking and remaking our world, and the urgent question of our time is whether we can make change our friend and not our enemy.This new world has already enriched the lives of millions of Americans who are able to compete and win in it.But when most people are working harder for less;when others cannot work at all;when the cost of health care devastates families and threatens to bankrupt many of our enterprises, great and small;when fear of crime robs law-abiding citizens of their freedom;and when millions of poor children cannot even imagine the lives we are calling them to lead, we have not made change our friend.We know we have to face hard truths and take strong steps.But we have not done so.Instead, we have drifted, and that drifting has eroded our resources, fractured our economy, and shaken our confidence.Though our challenges are fearsome, so are our strengths.And Americans have ever been a restless, questing, hopeful people.We must bring to our task today the vision and will of those who came before us.From our revolution, the Civil War, to the Great Depression to the civil rights movement, our people have always mustered the determination to construct from these crises the pillars of our history.Thomas Jefferson believed that to preserve the very foundations of our nation, we would need dramatic change from time to time.Well, my fellow citizens, this is our time.Let us embrace it.Our democracy must be not only the envy of the world but the engine of our own renewal.There is nothing wrong with America that cannot be cured by what is right with America.And so today, we pledge an end to the era of deadlock and drift;a new season of American renewal has begun.To renew America, we must be bold.We must do what no generation has had to do before.We must invest more in our own people, in their jobs, in their future, and at the same time cut our massive debt.And we must do so in a world in which we must compete for every opportunity.It will not be easy;it will require sacrifice.But it can be done, and done fairly, not choosing sacrifice for its own sake, but for our own sake.We must provide for our nation the way a family provides for its children.Our Founders saw themselves in the light of posterity.We can do no less.Anyone who has ever watched a child's eyes wander into sleep knows what posterity is.Posterity is the world to come;the world for whom we hold our ideals, from whom we have borrowed our planet, and to whom we bear sacred responsibility.We must do what America does best: offer more opportunity to all and demand responsibility from all.It is time to break the bad habit of expecting something for nothing, from our government or from each other.Let us all take more responsibility, not only for ourselves and our families but for our communities and our country.To renew America, we must revitalize our democracy.This beautiful capital, like every capital since the dawn of civilization, is often a place of intrigue and calculation.Powerful people maneuver for position and worry endlessly about who is in and who is out, who is up and who is down, forgetting those people whose toil and sweat sends us here and pays our way.Americans deserve better, and in this city today, there are people who want to do better.And so I say to all of us here, let us resolve to reform our politics, so that power and privilege no longer shout down the voice of the people.Let us put aside personal advantage so that we can feel the pain and see the promise of America.Let us resolve to make our government a place for what Franklin Roosevelt called “bold, persistent experimentation,” a government for our tomorrows, not our yesterdays.Let us give this capital back to the people to whom it belongs.To renew America, we must meet challenges abroad as well at home.There is no longer pision between what is foreign and what is domestic;the world economy, the world environment, the world AIDS crisis, the world arms race;they affect us all.Today, as an old order passes, the new world is more free but less stable.Communism's collapse has called forth old animosities and new dangers.Clearly America must continue to lead the world we did so much to make.While America rebuilds at home, we will not shrink from the challenges, nor fail to seize the opportunities, of this new world.Together with our friends and allies, we will work to shape change, lest it engulf us.When our vital interests are challenged, or the will and conscience of the international community is defied, we will act;with peaceful diplomacy when ever possible, with force when necessary.The brave Americans serving our nation today in the Persian Gulf, in Somalia, and wherever else they stand are testament to our resolve.But our greatest strength is the power of our ideas, which are still new in many lands.Across the world, we see them embraced, and we rejoice.Our hopes, our hearts, our hands, are with those on every continent who are building democracy and freedom.Their cause is America's cause.The American people have summoned the change we celebrate today.You have raised your voices in an unmistakable chorus.You have cast your votes in historic numbers.And you have changed the face of Congress, the presidency and the political process itself.Yes, you, my fellow Americans have forced the spring.Now, we must do the work the season demands.To that work I now turn, with all the authority of my office.I ask the Congress to join with me.But no president, no Congress, no government, can undertake this mission alone.My fellow Americans, you, too, must play your part in our renewal.I challenge a new generation of young Americans to a season of service;to act on your idealism by helping troubled children, keeping company with those in need, reconnecting our torn communities.There is so much to be done;enough indeed for millions of others who are still young in spirit to give of themselves in service, too.In serving, we recognize a simple but powerful truth, we need each other.And we must care for one another.Today, we do more than celebrate America;we rededicate ourselves to the very idea of America.An idea born in revolution and renewed through two centuries of challenge.An idea tempered by the knowledge that, but for fate we, the fortunate and the unfortunate, might have been each other.An idea ennobled by the faith that our nation can summon from its myriad persity the deepest measure of unity.An idea infused with the conviction that America's long heroic journey must go forever upward.And so, my fellow Americans, at the edge of the 21st century, let us begin with energy and hope, with faith and discipline, and let us work until our work is done.The scripture says, “And let us not be weary in well-doing, for in due season, we shall reap, if we faint not.”
From this joyful mountaintop of celebration, we hear a call to service in the valley.We have heard the trumpets.We have changed the guard.And now, each in our way, and with God's help, we must answer the call.Thank you, and God bless you all.美国复兴的新时代 比尔•克林顿 第一次就职演讲
星期三,1993年1月20日
同胞们：
今天，我们庆祝美国复兴的奇迹。这个仪式虽在隆冬举行，然而，我们通过自己的言语和向世界展示的面容、却促使春回大地--回到了世界上这个最古老的民主国家，并带来了重新创造美国的远见和勇气。
当我国的缔造者勇敢地向世界宣布美国独立，并向上帝表明自 己的目的时，他们知道，美国若要永存，就必须变革。不是为变革而变革，而是为了维护美国的理想--为了生命、自由和追求幸福而变革。尽管我们随着当今时代 的节拍前进，但我们的使命永恒不变。每一代美国人，部必须为作为一个美国人意味着什么下定义。今天，在冷战阴影下成长起来的一代人，在世界上负起了新的责 任。这个世界虽然沐浴着自由的阳光，但仍受到旧仇宿怨和新的祸患的威胁。
我们在无与伦比的繁荣中长大，继承了仍然是世界上最强大的经济。但由于企业倒闭，工资增长停滞、不平等状况加剧，人民的分歧加深，我们的经济已经削弱。
当乔治•华盛顿第一次宣读我刚才宜读的誓言时，人们骑马把 那个信息缓慢地传遍大地，继而又来船把它传过海洋。而现在，这个仪式的情景和声音即刻向全球几十亿人播放。通信和商务具有全球性，投资具有流动性；技术几 乎具有魔力；改善生活的理想现在具有普遍性。今天，我们美国人通过同世界各地人民进行和平竞争来谋求生存。各种深远而强大的力量正在震撼和改造我们的世 界，当今时代的当务之急是我们能否使变革成为我们的朋友，而不是成为我们的敌人。
这个新世界已经使几百万能够参与竞争并且取胜的美国人过上 了富裕的生活。但是，当多数人干得越多反而挣得越少的时候，当有些人根本不可能工作的时候，当保健费用的重负使众多家庭不堪承受、使大大小小的企业濒临破 产的时候，当犯罪活动的恐惧使守法公民不能自由行动的时候，当千百万贫穷儿童甚至不能想象我们呼唤他们过的那种生活的时候，我们就没有使变革成为我们的朋 友。我们知道，我们必须面对严酷的事实真相，并采取强有力的步骤。但我们没有这样做，而是听之任之，以致损耗了我们的资源，破坏了我们的经济，动摇了我们 的信心。
我们面临惊人的挑战，但我们同样具有惊人的力量，美国人历来是不安现状、不断追求和充满希望的民族，今天，我们必须把前人的远见卓识和坚强意志带到我们的任务中去。从革命，内战，大萧条，直到民权运动，我国人民总是下定决心，从历次危机中构筑我国历史的支柱。
托马斯•杰斐逊认为，为了维护我国的根基，我们需要时常进行激动人心的变革。美国同胞们，我们的时代就是变革的时代，让我们拥抱这个时代吧！
我们的民主制度不仅要成为举世称羡的目标，而且要成为举国复兴的动力。美国没有任何错误的东西不能被正确的东西所纠正。因此，我们今天立下誓言，要结束这个僵持停顿、放任自流的时代，一个复兴美国的新时代已经开始。
我们要复兴美国，就必须鼓足勇气。我们必须做前人无需做的 事情。我们必须更多地投资于人民，投资于他们的工作和未来，与此同时，我们必须减少巨额债务。而且，我们必须在一个需要为每个机会而竞争的世界上做到这一 切。这样做并不容易：这样做要求作出牺牲。但是，这是做得到的，而且能做得公平合理。我们不是为牺牲而牺牲，我们必须像家庭供养子女那样供养自己的国家。
我国的缔造者是用子孙后代的眼光来审视自己的。我们也必须 这样做。凡是注意过孩子蒙?o人睡的人，都知道后代意味着什么，后代就是将要到来的世界--我们为之坚持自己的理想，我们向之借用这个星球，我们对之负有 神圣的责任。我们必须做美国最拿手的事情：为所有的人提供更多的机会，要所有的人负起更多的责任。
现在是破除只求向政府和别人免费索取的恶习的时候了。让我们大家不仅为自己和家庭，而且为社区和国家担负起更多的责任吧。
我们要复兴美国，就必须恢复我们民主制度的活力。这个美丽的首都，就像文明的曙光出现以来的每一个首都一样，常常是尔虞我诈、明争暗斗之地。大腕人物争权夺势，没完没了地为官员的更替升降而烦神，却忘记了那些用辛勤和汗水把我们送到这里来，并养活了我们的人。
美国人理应得到更好的回报。在这个城市里，今天有人想把事 情办得更好一些。因此，我要时所有在场的人说：让我们下定决心改革政治，使权力和特权的喧嚣不再压倒人民的呼声。让我们撇开个人利益。这样我们就能觉察美 国的病痛，并看到官的希望。让我们下定决心，使政府成为富兰克林•罗斯福所说的进行“大胆而持久试验”的地方，成为一个面向未来而不是留恋过去的政府。让 我们把这个首都归还给它所属于的人民。
我们要复兴美国，就必须迎接国内外的种种挑战。国外和国内事务之间已不再有明确的界限--世界经济，世界环境，世界艾滋病危机，世界军备竞赛，这一切都在影响着我们大家。
我们在国内进行重建的同时，面对这个新世界的挑战不会退缩不前，也下会坐失良机。我们将同盟友一起努力进行变革，以免被变革所吞没。当我们的重要利益受到挑战，或者，当国际社会的意志和良知受到蔑视，我们将采取行动--可能时就采用和平外交手段，必要时就使用武力。
今天，在波斯湾、索马里和任何其他地方为国效力的勇敢的美国人，都证明了我们的决心。
但是，我们最伟大的力量是我们思想的威力。这些思想在许多国家仍然处于萌芽阶段。看到这些思想在世界各地被接受，我们感到欢欣鼓舞。我们的希望，我们的心，与每一个大陆正在建立民主和自由的人们是连在一起的。他们的事业也是美国的事业。
美国人民唤来了我们今天所庆祝的变革。你们毫不含糊地齐声疾呼。你们以前所未有的人数参加了投票。你们使国会、总统职务和政治进程本身全都面目一新。是的，是你们，我的美国同胞们，促使春回大地。
现在，我们必须做这个季节需要做的工作。现在，我就运用我的全部职权转向这项工作。我请求国会同我一道做这项工作。任何总统、任何国会、任何政府都不能单独完成这一使命。同胞们，在我国复兴的过程中，你们也必须发挥作用。
我向新一代美国年轻人挑战，要求你们投入这一奉献的季节--按照你们的理想主义行动起来，使不幸的儿童得到帮助，使贫困的人们得到关怀，使四分五裂的社区恢复联系。要做的事情很多--确实够多的，以至几百万在精神上仍然年轻的人也可作出奉献。
在奉献过程中，我们认识到相互需要这一简单而又强大的真 理。我们必须相互关心.今天，我们不仅是在赞颂美国，我们再一次把自己奉献给美国的理想：这个理想在革命中诞生，在两个世纪的挑战中更新；这个理想经受了 认识的考验，大家认识到，若不是命运的安排，幸运者或不幸者有可能互换位置；这个理想由于一种信念而变得崇高，即我国能够从纷繁的多佯性中实现最深刻的统 一性，这个理想洋溢着一种信：美国漫长而英勇的旅程必将永远继续。同胞们，在我恻即将跨入21世纪之际，让我们以旺盛的精力和满腔的希望，以坚定的信心和 严明的纪律开始工作，直到把工作完成。《圣经》说：“我们行善，不可丧志，若不灰心，到了时候，就要收成。”
在这个欢乐的山巅，我们听见山谷里传来了要我们作出奉献的召唤。我们听到了号角声。我们已经换岗。现在，我们必须以各自的方式，在上帝的帮助下响应这一召唤。
谢谢大家。上帝保佑大家。
1981年美国总统里根就职演说
First Inaugural Address of Ronald Reagan
TUESDAY, JANUARY 20, 1981
Senator Hatfield, Mr.Chief Justice, Mr.President, Vice President Bush, Vice President Mondale, Senator Baker, Speaker O'Neill, Reverend Moomaw, and my fellow citizens: To a few of us here today, this is a solemn and most momentous occasion;and yet, in the history of our Nation, it is a commonplace occurrence.The orderly transfer of authority as called for in the Constitution routinely takes place as it has for almost two centuries and few of us stop to think how unique we really are.In the eyes of many in the world, this every-4-year ceremony we accept as normal is nothing less than a miracle.Mr.President, I want our fellow citizens to know how much you did to carry on this tradition.By your gracious cooperation in the transition process, you have shown a watching world that we are a united people pledged to maintaining a political system which guarantees inpidual liberty to a greater degree than any other, and I thank you and your people for all your help in maintaining the continuity which is the bulwark of our Republic.The business of our nation goes forward.These United States are confronted with an economic affliction of great proportions.We suffer from the longest and one of the worst sustained inflations in our national history.It distorts our economic decisions, penalizes thrift, and crushes the struggling young and the fixed-income elderly alike.It threatens to shatter the lives of millions of our people.Idle industries have cast workers into unemployment, causing human misery and personal indignity.Those who do work are denied a fair return for their labor by a tax system which penalizes successful achievement and keeps us from maintaining full productivity.But great as our tax burden is, it has not kept pace with public spending.For decades, we have piled deficit upon deficit, mortgaging our future and our children's future for the temporary convenience of the present.To continue this long trend is to guarantee tremendous social, cultural, political, and economic upheavals.You and I, as inpiduals, can, by borrowing, live beyond our means, but for only a limited period of time.Why, then, should we think that collectively, as a nation, we are not bound by that same limitation?
We must act today in order to preserve tomorrow.And let there be no misunderstanding--we are going to begin to act, beginning today.The economic ills we suffer have come upon us over several decades.They will not go away in days, weeks, or months, but they will go away.They will go away because we, as Americans, have the capacity now, as we have had in the past, to do whatever needs to be done to preserve this last and greatest bastion of freedom.In this present crisis, government is not the solution to our problem.From time to time, we have been tempted to believe that society has become too complex to be managed by self-rule, that government by an elite group is superior to government for, by, and of the people.But if no one among us is capable of governing himself, then who among us has the capacity to govern someone else? All of us together, in and out of government, must bear the burden.The solutions we seek must be equitable, with no one group singled out to pay a higher price.We hear much of special interest groups.Our concern must be for a special interest group that has been too long neglected.It knows no sectional boundaries or ethnic and racial pisions, and it crosses political party lines.It is made up of men and women who raise our food, patrol our streets, man our mines and our factories, teach our children, keep our homes, and heal us when we are sick--professionals, industrialists, shopkeepers, clerks, cabbies, and truckdrivers.They are, in short, “We the people,” this breed called Americans.Well, this administration's objective will be a healthy, vigorous, growing economy that provides equal opportunity for all Americans, with no barriers born of bigotry or discrimination.Putting America back to work means putting all Americans back to work.Ending inflation means freeing all Americans from the terror of runaway living costs.All must share in the productive work of this “new beginning” and all must share in the bounty of a revived economy.With the idealism and fair play which are the core of our system and our strength, we can have a strong and prosperous America at peace with itself and the world.So, as we begin, let us take inventory.We are a nation that has a government--not the other way around.And this makes us special among the nations of the Earth.Our Government has no power except that granted it by the people.It is time to check and reverse the growth of government which shows signs of having grown beyond the consent of the governed.It is my intention to curb the size and influence of the Federal establishment and to demand recognition of the distinction between the powers granted to the Federal Government and those reserved to the States or to the people.All of us need to be reminded that the Federal Government did not create the States;the States created the Federal Government.Now, so there will be no misunderstanding, it is not my intention to do away with government.It is, rather, to make it work-work with us, not over us;to stand by our side, not ride on our back.Government can and must provide opportunity, not smother it;foster productivity, not stifle it.If we look to the answer as to why, for so many years, we achieved so much, prospered as no other people on Earth, it was because here, in this land, we unleashed the energy and inpidual genius of man to a greater extent than has ever been done before.Freedom and the dignity of the inpidual have been more available and assured here than in any other place on Earth.The price for this freedom at times has been high, but we have never been unwilling to pay that price.It is no coincidence that our present troubles parallel and are proportionate to the intervention and intrusion in our lives that result from unnecessary and excessive growth of government.It is time for us to realize that we are too great a nation to limit ourselves to small dreams.We are not, as some would have us believe, loomed to an inevitable decline.I do not believe in a fate that will all on us no matter what we do.I do believe in a fate that will fall on us if we do nothing.So, with all the creative energy at our command, let us begin an era of national renewal.Let us renew our determination, our courage, and our strength.And let us renew;our faith and our hope.We have every right to dream heroic dreams.Those who say that we are in a time when there are no heroes just don't know where to look.You can see heroes every day going in and out of factory gates.Others, a handful in number, produce enough food to feed all of us and then the world beyond.You meet heroes across a counter--and they are on both sides of that counter.There are entrepreneurs with faith in themselves and faith in an idea who create new jobs, new wealth and opportunity.They are inpiduals and families whose taxes support the Government and whose voluntary gifts support church, charity, culture, art, and education.Their patriotism is quiet but deep.Their values sustain our national life.I have used the words “they” and “their” in speaking of these heroes.I could say “you” and “your” because I am addressing the heroes of whom I speak--you, the citizens of this blessed land.Your dreams, your hopes, your goals are going to be the dreams, the hopes, and the goals of this administration, so help me God.We shall reflect the compassion that is so much a part of your makeup.How can we love our country and not love our countrymen, and loving them, reach out a hand when they fall, heal them when they are sick, and provide opportunities to make them self-sufficient so they will be equal in fact and not just in theory?
Can we solve the problems confronting us? Well, the answer is an unequivocal and emphatic “yes.” To paraphrase Winston Churchill, I did not take the oath I have just taken with the intention of presiding over the dissolution of the world's strongest economy.In the days ahead I will propose removing the roadblocks that have slowed our economy and reduced productivity.Steps will be taken aimed at restoring the balance between the various levels of government.Progress may be slow--measured in inches and feet, not miles--but we will progress.Is it time to reawaken this industrial giant, to get government back within its means, and to lighten our punitive tax burden.And these will be our first priorities, and on these principles, there will be no compromise.On the eve of our struggle for independence a man who might have been one of the greatest among the Founding Fathers, Dr.Joseph Warren, President of the Massachusetts Congress, said to his fellow Americans, “Our country is in danger, but not to be despaired of....On you depend the fortunes of America.You are to decide the important questions upon which rests the happiness and the liberty of millions yet unborn.Act worthy of yourselves.”
Well, I believe we, the Americans of today, are ready to act worthy of ourselves, ready to do what must be done to ensure happiness and liberty for ourselves, our children and our children's children.And as we renew ourselves here in our own land, we will be seen as having greater strength throughout the world.We will again be the exemplar of freedom and a beacon of hope for those who do not now have freedom.To those neighbors and allies who share our freedom, we will strengthen our historic ties and assure them of our support and firm commitment.We will match loyalty with loyalty.We will strive for mutually beneficial relations.We will not use our friendship to impose on their sovereignty, for or own sovereignty is not for sale.As for the enemies of freedom, those who are potential adversaries, they will be reminded that peace is the highest aspiration of the American people.We will negotiate for it, sacrifice for it;we will not surrender for it--now or ever.Our forbearance should never be misunderstood.Our reluctance for conflict should not be misjudged as a failure of will.When action is required to preserve our national security, we will act.We will maintain sufficient strength to prevail if need be, knowing that if we do so we have the best chance of never having to use that strength.Above all, we must realize that no arsenal, or no weapon in the arsenals of the world, is so formidable as the will and moral courage of free men and women.It is a weapon our adversaries in today's world do not have.It is a weapon that we as Americans do have.Let that be understood by those who practice terrorism and prey upon their neighbors.I am told that tens of thousands of prayer meetings are being held on this day, and for that I am deeply grateful.We are a nation under God, and I believe God intended for us to be free.It would be fitting and good, I think, if on each Inauguration Day in future years it should be declared a day of prayer.This is the first time in history that this ceremony has been held, as you have been told, on this West Front of the Capitol.Standing here, one faces a magnificent vista, opening up on this city's special beauty and history.At the end of this open mall are those shrines to the giants on whose shoulders we stand.Directly in front of me, the monument to a monumental man: George Washington, Father of our country.A man of humility who came to greatness reluctantly.He led America out of revolutionary victory into infant nationhood.Off to one side, the stately memorial to Thomas Jefferson.The Declaration of Independence flames with his eloquence.And then beyond the Reflecting Pool the dignified columns of the Lincoln Memorial.Whoever would understand in his heart the meaning of America will find it in the life of Abraham Lincoln.Beyond those monuments to heroism is the Potomac River, and on the far shore the sloping hills of Arlington National Cemetery with its row on row of simple white markers bearing crosses or Stars of David.They add up to only a tiny fraction of the price that has been paid for our freedom.Each one of those markers is a monument to the kinds of hero I spoke of earlier.Their lives ended in places called Belleau Wood, The Argonne, Omaha Beach, Salerno and halfway around the world on Guadalcanal, Tarawa, Pork Chop Hill, the Chosin Reservoir, and in a hundred rice paddies and jungles of a place called Vietnam.Under one such marker lies a young man--Martin Treptow--who left his job in a small town barber shop in 1917 to go to France with the famed Rainbow Division.There, on the western front, he was killed trying to carry a message between battalions under heavy artillery fire.We are told that on his body was found a diary.On the flyleaf under the heading, “My Pledge,” he had written these words: “America must win this war.Therefore, I will work, I will save, I will sacrifice, I will endure, I will fight cheerfully and do my utmost, as if the issue of the whole struggle depended on me alone.”
The crisis we are facing today does not require of us the kind of sacrifice that Martin Treptow and so many thousands of others were called upon to make.It does require, however, our best effort, and our willingness to believe in ourselves and to believe in our capacity to perform great deeds;to believe that together, with God's help, we can and will resolve the problems which now confront us.And, after all, why shouldn't we believe that? We are Americans.God bless you, and thank you.罗纳德-里根 第一次就职演说
第40任总统(1981年-1989年)
议员海特菲尔德先生、法官先生、总统先生、副总统布什、蒙代尔先生、议员贝克先生、发言人奥尼尔先生、尊敬的摩麦先生，以及广大支持我的美国同胞们：今天对于我们中间的一些人来说，是一个非常庄严隆重的时刻。当然，对于这个国家的历史来说，却是一件普通的事情。按照宪法要求，政府权利正在有序地移交，我们已经如此“例行公事”了两个世纪，很少有人觉得这有什么特别的。但在世界上更多人看来，这个我们已经习以为常的四年一次的仪式，却实在是一个奇迹。
总统先生，我希望我们的同胞们都能知道你为了这个传承而付出的努力。通过移交程序中的通力合作，你向观察者展示了这么一个事实：我们是发誓要团结起来维护这样一个政治体制的团体，这样的体制保证了我们能够得到比其他政体更为广泛的个人自由。同时我也要感谢你和你的伙伴们的帮助，因为你们坚持了这样的传承，而这恰恰是我们共和国的根基。
我们国家的事业在继续前进。合众国正面临巨大的经济困难。我们遭遇到我国历史上历时最长、最严重之一的通货膨胀，它扰乱着我们的经济决策，打击着节俭的风气，压迫着正在挣扎谋生的青年人和收入固定的中年人，威胁着要摧毁我国千百万人民的生计。
停滞的工业使工人失业、蒙受痛苦并失去了个人尊严。即使那些有工作的人，也因税收制度的缘故而得不到公正的劳动报酬，因为这种税收制度使我们无法在事业上取得成就，使我们无法保持充分的生产力。
尽管我们的纳税负担相当沉重，但还是跟不上公共开支的增长。数十年来，我们的赤字额屡屡上升，我们为图目前暂时的方便，把自己的前途和子孙的前途抵押出去了。这一趋势如果长此以往，必然引起社会、文化、政治和经济等方面的大动荡。
作为个人，你们和我可以靠借贷过一种人不敷出的生活，然而只能维持一段有限的时期，我们怎么可以认为，作为一个国家整体，我们就不应受到同样的约束呢？为了保住明天，我们今天就必须行动起来。大家都要明白无误地懂得--我们从今天起就要采取行动。
我们深受其害的经济弊病，几十年来一直袭击着我们。这些弊病不会在几天、几星期或几个月内消失，但它们终将消失。它们之所以终将消失，是因为我们作为现在的美国人，一如既往地有能力去完成需要完成的事情，以保存这个最后而又最伟大的自由堡垒。
在当前这场危机中，政府的管理不能解决我们面临的问题。政府的管理就是问题所在。
我们时常误以为，社会已经越来越复杂，已经不可能凭借自治方式加以管理，而一个由杰出人物组成的政府要比民享、民治、民有的政府高明。可是，假如我们之中谁也管理不了自己，那么，我们之中谁还能去管理他人呢。
我们大家--不论政府官员还是平民百姓--必须共同肩负起这个责任，我们谋求的解决办法必须是公平的，不要使任何一个群体付出较高的代价。
我们听到许多关于特殊利益集团的谈论，然而。我们必须关心一个被忽视了大久的特殊利益集团。这个集团没有区域之分，没有人种之分，没有民族之分，没有 政党之分，这个集团由许许多多的男人与女人组成，他们生产粮食，巡逻街头，管理厂矿，教育儿童，照料家务和治疗疾病。他们是专业人员、实业家、店主、职 员、出租汽车司机和货车驾驶员，总而言之，他们就是“我们人民”--这个称之为美国人的民族。
本届政府的日标是必须建立一种健全的、生气勃勃的和不断发展的经济，为全体美国人民提供一种不因偏执或歧视而造成障碍的均等机会，让美国重新工作起 来，意味着让全体美国人重新工作起来。制止通货膨胀，意味着让全体美国人从失控的生活费用所造成的恐惧中解脱出来。人人都应分担“新开端”的富有成效的工 作，人人都应分享经济复苏的硕果。我国制度和力量的核心是理想主义和公正态度，有了这些，我们就能建立起强大、繁荣、国内稳定并同全世界和平相处的美国。
因此，在我们开始之际，让我们看看实际情况。我们是一个拥有政府的国家--而不是一个拥有国家的政府。这一点使我们在世界合国中独树一帜，我们的政府 除了人民授予的权力，没有任何别的权力。目前，政府权力的膨胀已显示出超过被统治者同意的迹象，制止并扭转这种状况的时候到了。
我打算压缩联邦机构的规模和权力，并要求大家承认联邦政府被授予的权力同各州或人民保留的权利这两者之间的区别。我们大家都需要提醒：不是联邦政府创 立了各州，而是各州创立了联邦政府。因此，请不要误会，我的意思不是要取消政府，而是要它发挥作用--同我们一起合作，而不是凌驾于我们之上；同我们并肩 而立，而不是骑在我们的背上。政府能够而且必须提供机会，而不是扼杀机会，它能够而且必须促进生产力，而不是抑制生产力。
如果我们要探究这么多年来我们为什么能取得这么大成就，并获得了世界上任何一个民族未曾获得的繁荣昌盛，其原因是在这片土地上，我们使人类的能力和个 人的才智得到了前所未有的发挥。在这里，个人所享有并得以确保的自由和尊严超过了世界上任何其他地方。为这种自由所付出的代价有时相当高昂，但我们从来没 有不愿意付出这代价。
我们目前的困难，与政府机构因为不必要的过度膨胀而干预、侵扰我们的生活同步增加，这决不是偶然的巧合。我们是一个泱泱大国，不能自囿于小小的梦想，现在正是认识到这一点的时候。我们并非注定走向衰落，尽管有些人想让我们相信这一点。我不相信，无论我们做些什么，我们都将命该如此，但我相信，如果我们 什么也不做，我们将的确命该如此。
为此，让我们以掌握的一切创造力来开创一个国家复兴的时代吧。让我们重新拿出决心、勇气和力量，让我们重新建立起我们的信念和希望吧。我们完全有权去做英雄梦。
有人告诉我们在他的身上发现一本日记。扉页上写着这样的标题：“我的誓言”。他写下了这样的话语：“美国必须赢得这场战争。为此，我会奋斗，我会拯救，我会牺牲，我会忍受，我会并将尽我最大的努力英勇奋战，就好比所有的战争问题都将由我一个人来肩负。” 1977年美国总统卡特就职演说
Inaugural Address by Jimmy Carter(January 20, 1977)
For myself and for our Nation, I want to thank my predecessor for all he has done to heal our land.In this outward and physical ceremony we attest once again to the inner and spiritual strength of our Nation.As my high school teacher, Miss Julia Coleman, used to say: “We must adjust to changing times and still hold to unchanging principles.”
Here before me is the Bible used in the inauguration of our first President, in 1789, and I have just taken the oath of office on the Bible my mother gave me a few years ago, opened to a timeless admonition from the ancient prophet Micah: “He hath showed thee, O man, what is good;and what doth the Lord require of thee, but to do justly, and to love mercy, and to walk humbly with thy God.”(Micah 6:8)
This inauguration ceremony marks a new beginning, a new dedication within our Government, and a new spirit among us all.A President may sense and proclaim that new spirit, but only a people can provide it.Two centuries ago our Nation's birth was a milestone in the long quest for freedom, but the bold and brilliant dream which excited the founders of this Nation still awaits its consummation.I have no new dream to set forth today, but rather urge a fresh faith in the old dream.Ours was the first society openly to define itself in terms of both spirituality and of human liberty.It is that unique self-definition which has given us an exceptional appeal, but it also imposes on us a special obligation, to take on those moral duties which, when assumed, seem invariably to be in our own best interests.You have given me a great responsibility--to stay close to you, to be worthy of you, and to exemplify what you are.Let us create together a new national spirit of unity and trust.Your strength can compensate for my weakness, and your wisdom can help to minimize my mistakes.Let us learn together and laugh together and work together and pray together, confident that in the end we will triumph together in the right.The American dream endures.We must once again have full faith in our country and in one another.I believe America can be better.We can be even stronger than before.Let our recent mistakes bring a resurgent commitment to the basic principles of our Nation, for we know that if we despise our own government we have no future.We recall in special times when we have stood briefly, but magnificently, united.In those times no prize was beyond our grasp.But we cannot dwell upon remembered glory.We cannot afford to drift.We reject the prospect of failure or mediocrity or an inferior quality of life for any person.Our Government must at the same time be both competent and compassionate.We have already found a high degree of personal liberty, and we are now struggling to enhance equality of opportunity.Our commitment to human rights must be absolute, our laws fair, our natural beauty preserved;the powerful must not persecute the weak, and human dignity must be enhanced.We have learned that “more” is not necessarily “better,” that even our great Nation has its recognized limits, and that we can neither answer all questions nor solve all problems.We cannot afford to do everything, nor can we afford to lack boldness as we meet the future.So, together, in a spirit of inpidual sacrifice for the common good, we must simply do our best.Our Nation can be strong abroad only if it is strong at home.And we know that the best way to enhance freedom in other lands is to demonstrate here that our democratic system is worthy of emulation.To be true to ourselves, we must be true to others.We will not behave in foreign places so as to violate our rules and standards here at home, for we know that the trust which our Nation earns is essential to our strength.The world itself is now dominated by a new spirit.Peoples more numerous and more politically aware are craving and now demanding their place in the sun--not just for the benefit of their own physical condition, but for basic human rights.The passion for freedom is on the rise.Tapping this new spirit, there can be no nobler nor more ambitious task for America to undertake on this day of a new beginning than to help shape a just and peaceful world that is truly humane.We are a strong nation, and we will maintain strength so sufficient that it need not be proven in combat--a quiet strength based not merely on the size of an arsenal, but on the nobility of ideas.We will be ever vigilant and never vulnerable, and we will fight our wars against poverty, ignorance, and injustice--for those are the enemies against which our forces can be honorably marshaled.We are a purely idealistic Nation, but let no one confuse our idealism with weakness.Because we are free we can never be indifferent to the fate of freedom elsewhere.Our moral sense dictates a clearcut preference for these societies which share with us an abiding respect for inpidual human rights.We do not seek to intimidate, but it is clear that a world which others can dominate with impunity would be inhospitable to decency and a threat to the well-being of all people.The world is still engaged in a massive armaments race designed to ensure continuing equivalent strength among potential adversaries.We pledge perseverance and wisdom in our efforts to limit the world's armaments to those necessary for each nation's own domestic safety.And we will move this year a step toward ultimate goal--the elimination of all nuclear weapons from this Earth.We urge all other people to join us, for success can mean life instead of death.Within us, the people of the United States, there is evident a serious and purposeful rekindling of confidence.And I join in the hope that when my time as your President has ended, people might say this about our Nation:
that we had remembered the words of Micah and renewed our search for humility, mercy, and justice;that we had torn down the barriers that separated those of different race and region and religion, and where there had been mistrust, built unity, with a respect for persity;
that we had found productive work for those able to perform it;
that we had strengthened the American family, which is the basis of our society;
that we had ensured respect for the law, and equal treatment under the law, for the weak and the powerful, for the rich and the poor;
and that we had enabled our people to be proud of their own Government once again.I would hope that the nations of the world might say that we had built a lasting peace, built not on weapons of war but on international policies which reflect our own most precious values.These are not just my goals, and they will not be my accomplishments, but the affirmation of our Nation's continuing moral strength and our belief in an undiminished, ever-expanding American dream.1974年美国总统福特就职演说
Vice President Gerald Ford was sworn in as the 38th President of the United States after the resignation of President Nixon.President Ford's Inaugural Address:
[Oath of Office administered by Chief Justice Warren E.Burger]
Mr.Chief Justice, my dear friends, my fellow Americans:
The oath that I have taken is the same oath that was taken by George Washington and by every President under the Constitution.But I assume the Presidency under extraordinary circumstances never before experienced by Americans.This is an hour of history that troubles our minds and hurts our hearts.Therefore, I feel it is my first duty to make an unprecedented compact with my countrymen.Not an inaugural address, not a fireside chat, not a campaign speech--just a little straight talk among friends.And I intend it to be the first of many.I am acutely aware that you have not elected me as your President by your ballots, and so I ask you to confirm me as your President with your prayers.And I hope that such prayers will also be the first of many.If you have not chosen me by secret ballot, neither have I gained office by any secret promises.I have not campaigned either for the Presidency or the Vice Presidency.I have not subscribed to any partisan platform.I am indebted to no man, and only to one woman--my dear wife--as I begin this very difficult job.I have not sought this enormous responsibility, but I will not shirk it.Those who nominated and confirmed me as Vice President were my friends and are my friends.They were of both parties, elected by all the people and acting under the Constitution in their name.It is only fitting then that I should pledge to them and to you that I will be the President of all the people.Thomas Jefferson said the people are the only sure reliance for the preservation of our liberty.And down the years, Abraham Lincoln renewed this American article of faith asking, “Is there any better way or equal hope in the world?”
I intend, on Monday next, to request of the Speaker of the House of Representatives and the President pro tempore of the Senate the privilege of appearing before the Congress to share with my former colleagues and with you, the American people, my views on the priority business of the Nation and to solicit your views and their views.And may I say to the Speaker and the others, if I could meet with you right after these remarks, I would appreciate it.Even though this is late in an election year, there is no way we can go forward except together and no way anybody can win except by serving the people's urgent needs.We cannot stand still or slip backwards.We must go forward now together.31
To the peoples and the governments of all friendly nations, and I hope that could encompass the whole world, I pledge an uninterrupted and sincere search for peace.America will remain strong and united, but its strength will remain dedicated to the safety and sanity of the entire family of man, as well as to our own precious freedom.I believe that truth is the glue that holds government together, not only our Government but civilization itself.That bond, though stained, is unbroken at home and abroad.In all my public and private acts as your President, I expect to follow my instincts of openness and candor with full confidence that honesty is always the best policy in the end.My fellow Americans, our long national nightmare is over.Our Constitution works.Our great Republic is a government of laws and not of men.Here, the people rule.But there is a higher Power, by whatever name we honor Him, who ordains not only righteousness but love, not only justice but mercy.As we bind up the internal wounds of Watergate, more painful and more poisonous than those of foreign wars, let us restore the golden rule to our political process, and let brotherly love purge our hearts of suspicion and of hate.In the beginning, I asked you to pray for me.Before closing, I ask again your prayers, for Richard Nixon and for his family.May our former President, who brought peace to millions, find it for himself.May God bless and comfort his wonderful wife and daughters, whose love and loyalty will forever be a shining legacy to all who bear the lonely burdens of the White House.I can only guess at those burdens, although I have witnessed at close hand the tragedies that befell three Presidents and the lesser trials of others.With all the strength and all the good sense I have gained from life, with all the confidence of my family, my friends, and my dedicated staff impart to me, and with the good will of countless Americans I have encountered in recent visits to 40 States, I now solemnly reaffirm my promise I made to you last December 6: To uphold the Constitution;to do what is right as God gives me to see the right;and to do the very best I can for America.God helping me, I will not let you down.Thank you.32 1969年美国总统尼克松就职演说
First Inaugural Address of Richard Milhous Nixon
MONDAY, JANUARY 20, 1969
Senator Dirksen, Mr.Chief Justice, Mr.Vice President, President Johnson, Vice President Humphrey, my fellow Americans--and my fellow citizens of the world community:
I ask you to share with me today the majesty of this moment.In the orderly transfer of power, we celebrate the unity that keeps us free.Each moment in history is a fleeting time, precious and unique.But some stand out as moments of beginning, in which courses are set that shape decades or centuries.This can be such a moment.Forces now are converging that make possible, for the first time, the hope that many of man's deepest aspirations can at last be realized.The spiraling pace of change allows us to contemplate, within our own lifetime, advances that once would have taken centuries.In throwing wide the horizons of space, we have discovered new horizons on earth.For the first time, because the people of the world want peace, and the leaders of the world are afraid of war, the times are on the side of peace.Eight years from now America will celebrate its 200th anniversary as a nation.Within the lifetime of most people now living, mankind will celebrate that great new year which comes only once in a thousand years--the beginning of the third millennium.What kind of nation we will be, what kind of world we will live in, whether we shape the future in the image of our hopes, is ours to determine by our actions and our choices.The greatest honor history can bestow is the title of peacemaker.This honor now beckons America--the chance to help lead the world at last out of the valley of turmoil, and onto that high ground of peace that man has dreamed of since the dawn of civilization.If we succeed, generations to come will say of us now living that we mastered our moment, that we helped make the world safe for mankind.This is our summons to greatness.I believe the American people are ready to answer this call.33
The second third of this century has been a time of proud achievement.We have made enormous strides in science and industry and agriculture.We have shared our wealth more broadly than ever.We have learned at last to manage a modern economy to assure its continued growth.We have given freedom new reach, and we have begun to make its promise real for black as well as for white.We see the hope of tomorrow in the youth of today.I know America's youth.I believe in them.We can be proud that they are better educated, more committed, more passionately driven by conscience than any generation in our history.No people has ever been so close to the achievement of a just and abundant society, or so possessed of the will to achieve it.Because our strengths are so great, we can afford to appraise our weaknesses with candor and to approach them with hope.Standing in this same place a third of a century ago, Franklin Delano Roosevelt addressed a Nation ravaged by depression and gripped in fear.He could say in surveying the Nation's troubles: “They concern, thank God, only material things.”
Our crisis today is the reverse.We have found ourselves rich in goods, but ragged in spirit;reaching with magnificent precision for the moon, but falling into raucous discord on earth.We are caught in war, wanting peace.We are torn by pision, wanting unity.We see around us empty lives, wanting fulfillment.We see tasks that need doing, waiting for hands to do them.To a crisis of the spirit, we need an answer of the spirit.To find that answer, we need only look within ourselves.When we listen to “the better angels of our nature,” we find that they celebrate the simple things, the basic things--such as goodness, decency, love, kindness.Greatness comes in simple trappings.The simple things are the ones most needed today if we are to surmount what pides us, and cement what unites us.To lower our voices would be a simple thing.In these difficult years, America has suffered from a fever of words;from inflated rhetoric that promises more than it can deliver;from angry rhetoric that fans discontents into hatreds;from bombastic rhetoric that postures instead of persuading.34
We cannot learn from one another until we stop shouting at one another--until we speak quietly enough so that our words can be heard as well as our voices.For its part, government will listen.We will strive to listen in new ways--to the voices of quiet anguish, the voices that speak without words, the voices of the heart--to the injured voices, the anxious voices, the voices that have despaired of being heard.Those who have been left out, we will try to bring in.Those left behind, we will help to catch up.For all of our people, we will set as our goal the decent order that makes progress possible and our lives secure.As we reach toward our hopes, our task is to build on what has gone before--not turning away from the old, but turning toward the new.In this past third of a century, government has passed more laws, spent more money, initiated more programs, than in all our previous history.In pursuing our goals of full employment, better housing, excellence in education;in rebuilding our cities and improving our rural areas;in protecting our environment and enhancing the quality of life--in all these and more, we will and must press urgently forward.We shall plan now for the day when our wealth can be transferred from the destruction of war abroad to the urgent needs of our people at home.The American dream does not come to those who fall asleep.But we are approaching the limits of what government alone can do.Our greatest need now is to reach beyond government, and to enlist the legions of the concerned and the committed.What has to be done, has to be done by government and people together or it will not be done at all.The lesson of past agony is that without the people we can do nothing;with the people we can do everything.To match the magnitude of our tasks, we need the energies of our people--enlisted not only in grand enterprises, but more importantly in those small, splendid efforts that make headlines in the neighborhood newspaper instead of the national journal.With these, we can build a great cathedral of the spirit--each of us raising it one stone at a time, as he reaches out to his neighbor, helping, caring, doing.35
I do not offer a life of uninspiring ease.I do not call for a life of grim sacrifice.I ask you to join in a high adventure--one as rich as humanity itself, and as exciting as the times we live in.The essence of freedom is that each of us shares in the shaping of his own destiny.Until he has been part of a cause larger than himself, no man is truly whole.The way to fulfillment is in the use of our talents;we achieve nobility in the spirit that inspires that use.As we measure what can be done, we shall promise only what we know we can produce, but as we chart our goals we shall be lifted by our dreams.No man can be fully free while his neighbor is not.To go forward at all is to go forward together.This means black and white together, as one nation, not two.The laws have caught up with our conscience.What remains is to give life to what is in the law: to ensure at last that as all are born equal in dignity before God, all are born equal in dignity before man.As we learn to go forward together at home, let us also seek to go forward together with all mankind.Let us take as our goal: where peace is unknown, make it welcome;where peace is fragile, make it strong;where peace is temporary, make it permanent.After a period of confrontation, we are entering an era of negotiation.Let all nations know that during this administration our lines of communication will be open.We seek an open world--open to ideas, open to the exchange of goods and people--a world in which no people, great or small, will live in angry isolation.We cannot expect to make everyone our friend, but we can try to make no one our enemy.Those who would be our adversaries, we invite to a peaceful competition--not in conquering territory or extending dominion, but in enriching the life of man.As we explore the reaches of space, let us go to the new worlds together--not as new worlds to be conquered, but as a new adventure to be shared.With those who are willing to join, let us cooperate to reduce the burden of arms, to strengthen the structure of peace, to lift up the poor and the hungry.But to all those who would be tempted by weakness, let us leave no doubt that we will be as strong as we need to be for as long as we need to be.36
Over the past twenty years, since I first came to this Capital as a freshman Congressman, I have visited most of the nations of the world.I have come to know the leaders of the world, and the great forces, the hatreds, the fears that pide the world.I know that peace does not come through wishing for it--that there is no substitute for days and even years of patient and prolonged diplomacy.I also know the people of the world.I have seen the hunger of a homeless child, the pain of a man wounded in battle, the grief of a mother who has lost her son.I know these have no ideology, no race.I know America.I know the heart of America is good.I speak from my own heart, and the heart of my country, the deep concern we have for those who suffer, and those who sorrow.I have taken an oath today in the presence of God and my countrymen to uphold and defend the Constitution of the United States.To that oath I now add this sacred commitment: I shall consecrate my office, my energies, and all the wisdom I can summon, to the cause of peace among nations.Let this message be heard by strong and weak alike:
The peace we seek to win is not victory over any other people, but the peace that comes “with healing in its wings”;with compassion for those who have suffered;with understanding for those who have opposed us;with the opportunity for all the peoples of this earth to choose their own destiny.Only a few short weeks ago, we shared the glory of man's first sight of the world as God sees it, as a single sphere reflecting light in the darkness.As the Apollo astronauts flew over the moon's gray surface on Christmas Eve, they spoke to us of the beauty of earth--and in that voice so clear across the lunar distance, we heard them invoke God's blessing on its goodness.In that moment, their view from the moon moved poet Archibald MacLeish to write:
“To see the earth as it truly is, small and blue and beautiful in that eternal silence where it floats, is to see ourselves as riders on the earth together, brothers on that bright loveliness in the eternal cold--brothers who know now they are truly brothers.”
In that moment of surpassing technological triumph, men turned their thoughts toward home and humanity--seeing in that far perspective that man's destiny on earth is not pisible;telling us that however far we reach into the cosmos, our destiny lies not in the stars but on Earth itself, in our own
hands, in our own hearts.We have endured a long night of the American spirit.But as our eyes catch the dimness of the first rays of dawn, let us not curse the remaining dark.Let us gather the light.Our destiny offers, not the cup of despair, but the chalice of opportunity.So let us seize it, not in fear, but in gladness--and, “riders on the earth together,” let us go forward, firm in our faith, steadfast in our purpose, cautious of the dangers;but sustained by our confidence in the will of God and the promise of man.38 理查德-尼克松 第一次就职演讲 我们都是地球的乘客
星期一,1969年1月20日
历史的每一个时刻转瞬即逝，它既珍贵又独特。可是，其中某些显然是揭开序幕的时刻，此时，一代先河得以开创，它决定了未来数十年或几个世纪的航向。
现在可能就是这样一个时刻。
现在，各方力量正在汇聚起来，使我们第一次可以期望人类的许多夙愿最终能够实现。
不断加快的变革速度，使我们能在我们这一代期望过去花了几百年才出现的种种进步。
由于开辟了大空的天地，我们在地球上也发现了新的天地。
由于世界人民希望和平，而世界各国领袖害怕战争，因此，目前形势第一次变得有利于和平。
从现在起，再过8年，美国将庆祝建国200周年。在现在大多数人的有生之年，人类将庆祝千载难逢的、辉煌无比的新年——第三个百年盛世的开端。
我们的国家将变成怎样的国家，我们将生活在怎样的世界上，我们要不要按照我们的希望铸造未来，这些都将由我们根据自己的行动和选择来决定。
历史所能赐予我们的最大荣誉，莫过于和平缔造者这一称号。这一荣誉现在正在召唤美国——这是领导世界最终脱离**的幽谷，走向自文明开端以来人类一直梦寐以求的和平高坛的一个机会。
我们若获成功，下几代人在谈及现在在世的我们时会说，正是我们掌握了时机，正是我们协力相助，使普天之下国泰民安。
这是要我们创立宏伟大业的召唤。
我相信，美国人民准备响应这一召唤。
经过一段对抗时期，我们正进入一个谈判时代。
让所有国家都知道，在本届政府任期内，交流通道是敞开的。
我们谋求一个开放的世界——对各种思想开放，对物资和人员的交流开放，在这个世界中，任何民族，不论大小，都不会生活在怏怏不乐的孤立之中。
我们不能指望每个人都成为我们的朋友，可是我们能设法使任何人都不与我们为敌。
我们邀请那些很可能是我们对手的人进行一场和平竞赛——不是要征服领土或扩展版图，而是要丰富人类的生活。
在探索宇宙空间的时候，让我们一起走向新的世界——不是走向被征服的新世界，而是共同进行一次新的探险。
让我们同那些愿意加入这一行列的人共同合作，减少军备负担，加固和平大厦，提高贫穷挨饿的人们的生活水平。
但是，对所有那些见软就欺的人来说，让我们不容置疑地表明，我们需要多么强大就会多强大：需要强大多久，就会强大多久。
自从我作为新当选的国会议员首次来到国会大厦之后的20多年来，我已经出访过世界上大多数国家。
我结识了世界各国的领导人，了解到使世界陷于四分五裂的各种强大势力，各种深仇大恨，各种恐惧心理。
我知道，和于不会单凭愿望就能到来——这需要日复一日，甚至年复一年地进行耐心而持久的外交努力，除此别无他法。
我也了解世界各国人民。
我见到过无家可归的儿童在忍饥挨饿，战争中挂彩负伤的男人在痛苦呻吟，失去孩子的母亲在无限悲伤。我知道，这些并没有意识形态和种族之分。
我了解美国。我了解美国的心是善良的。
我从心底里，从我国人民的心底里，向那些蒙受不幸和痛苦的人们表达我们的深切关怀。
今天，我在上帝和我国同胞面前宣誓，拥护和捍卫合众国宪法。除了这一誓言，我现在还要补充一项神圣的义务：我将把自己的职责、精力以及我所能使唤的一切智慧，一并奉献给各国之间的和平事业。
让强者和弱者都能听到这一信息：
我们企求赢得的和平不是战胜任何一个民族，而是“和平天使”带来的为治愈创伤的和平：是对遭受苦难者予以同情的和平；是对那些反对过我们的人予以谅解的和平；是地球上各族人民都有选择自己命运的机会的和平。
就在几星期以前，人类如同上帝凝望这个世界一样，第一次端视了这个世界，一个在冥冥黑暗中辉映发光的独特的星球。我们分享了这一荣光。
阿波罗号上的字航员在圣诞节前夕飞越月球灰色的表面时，向我们说起地球的美丽——从穿过月距而传来的如此清晰的声音中，我们听到他们在祈祷上帝赐福人间。
在那一时刻，他们从月球上发出的意愿，激励着诗人阿奇博尔德•麦克利什写下了这样的篇章：
“在永恒的宁静中，那渺小、斑斓、美丽的地球在浮动。要真正地观望地球，就得把我们自己都看作是地球的乘客，看作是一群兄弟，他们共处于漫漫的、寒冷的字宙中。仰赖着光明的挚爱——这群兄弟懂得，而今他们是真正的兄弟。”
在那个比技术胜利更有意义的时刻，人们把思绪转向了家乡和人类——他们从那个遥远的视角中发现，地球上人类的命运是不能分开的；他们告诉我们，不管我们在宇宙中走得多远，我们的命运不是在别的星球上，而是在地球上，在我们自己手中，在我们的心头。
我们已经度过了一个反映美国精神的漫漫长夜。可是，当我们瞥见黎明前的第一缕曙光，切莫诅咒那尚未消散的黑暗。让我们迎接光明吧。
我们的命运所赐予的不是绝望的苦酒，而是机会的美餐。因此，让我们不是充满恐惧，而是满怀喜悦地去抓住这个机会吧——“地球的乘客们”，让我们以坚定的信念，朝着稳定的目标，在提防着危险中前进吧！我们对上帝的意志和人类的希望充满了信心，这将使我们持之以恒。
1961年美国总统肯尼迪就职演说
Inaugural Address of John F.Kennedy
FRIDAY, JANUARY 20, 1961
Vice President Johnson, Mr.Speaker, Mr.Chief Justice, President Eisenhower, Vice President Nixon, President Truman, reverend clergy, fellow citizens, we observe today not a victory of party, but a celebration of freedom--symbolizing an end, as well as a beginning--signifying renewal, as well as change.For I have sworn I before you and Almighty God the same solemn oath our forebears l prescribed nearly a century and three quarters ago.The world is very different now.For man holds in his mortal hands the power to abolish all forms of human poverty and all forms of human life.And yet the same revolutionary beliefs for which our forebears fought are still at issue around the globe--the belief that the rights of man come not from the generosity of the state, but from the hand of God.We dare not forget today that we are the heirs of that first revolution.Let the word go forth from this time and place, to friend and foe alike, that the torch has been passed to a new generation of Americans--born in this century, tempered by war, disciplined by a hard and bitter peace, proud of our ancient heritage--and unwilling to witness or permit the slow undoing of those human rights to which this Nation has always been committed, and to which we are committed today at home and around the world.Let every nation know, whether it wishes us well or ill, that we shall pay any price, bear any burden, meet any hardship, support any friend, oppose any foe, in order to assure the survival and the success of liberty.This much we pledge--and more.To those old allies whose cultural and spiritual origins we share, we pledge the loyalty of faithful friends.United, there is little we cannot do in a host of cooperative ventures.Divided, there is little we can do--for we dare not meet a powerful challenge at odds and split asunder.To those new States whom we welcome to the ranks of the free, we pledge our word that one form of colonial control shall not have passed away merely to be replaced by a far more iron tyranny.We shall not always expect to find them supporting our view.But we shall always hope to find them strongly supporting their own freedom--and to remember that, in the past, those who foolishly sought power by riding the back of the tiger ended up inside.To those peoples in the huts and villages across the globe struggling to break the bonds of mass misery, we pledge our best efforts to help them help themselves, for whatever period is required--not because the Communists may be doing it, not because we seek their votes, but because it is right.If a free society cannot help the many who are poor, it cannot save the few who are rich.42
To our sister republics south of our border, we offer a special pledge--to convert our good words into good deeds--in a new alliance for progress--to assist free men and free governments in casting off the chains of poverty.But this peaceful revolution of hope cannot become the prey of hostile powers.Let all our neighbors know that we shall join with them to oppose aggression or subversion anywhere in the Americas.And let every other power know that this Hemisphere intends to remain the master of its own house.To that world assembly of sovereign states, the United Nations, our last best hope in an age where the instruments of war have far outpaced the instruments of peace, we renew our pledge of support--to prevent it from becoming merely a forum for invective--to strengthen its shield of the new and the weak--and to enlarge the area in which its writ may run.Finally, to those nations who would make themselves our adversary, we offer not a pledge but a request: that both sides begin anew the quest for peace, before the dark powers of destruction unleashed by science engulf all humanity in planned or accidental self-destruction.We dare not tempt them with weakness.For only when our arms are sufficient beyond doubt can we be certain beyond doubt that they will never be employed.But neither can two great and powerful groups of nations take comfort from our present course--both sides overburdened by the cost of modern weapons, both rightly alarmed by the steady spread of the deadly atom, yet both racing to alter that uncertain balance of terror that stays the hand of mankind's final war.So let us begin anew--remembering on both sides that civility is not a sign of weakness, and sincerity is always subject to proof.Let us never negotiate out of fear.But let us never fear to negotiate.Let both sides explore what problems unite us instead of belaboring those problems which pide us.Let both sides, for the first time, formulate serious and precise proposals for the inspection and control of arms--and bring the absolute power to destroy other nations under the absolute control of all nations.Let both sides seek to invoke the wonders of science instead of its terrors.Together let us explore the stars, conquer the deserts, eradicate disease, tap the ocean depths, and encourage the arts and commerce.Let both sides unite to heed in all corners of the earth the command of Isaiah--to “undo the heavy burdens...and to let the oppressed go free.”
And if a beachhead of cooperation may push back the jungle of suspicion, let both sides join in creating a new endeavor, not a new balance of power, but a new world of law, where the strong are just and the weak secure and the peace preserved.43
All this will not be finished in the first 100 days.Nor will it be finished in the first 1,000 days, nor in the life of this Administration, nor even perhaps in our lifetime on this planet.But let us begin.In your hands, my fellow citizens, more than in mine, will rest the final success or failure of our course.Since this country was founded, each generation of Americans has been summoned to give testimony to its national loyalty.The graves of young Americans who answered the call to service surround the globe.Now the trumpet summons us again--not as a call to bear arms, though arms we need;not as a call to battle, though embattled we are--but a call to bear the burden of a long twilight struggle, year in and year out, “rejoicing in hope, patient in tribulation”--a struggle against the common enemies of man: tyranny, poverty, disease, and war itself.Can we forge against these enemies a grand and global alliance, North and South, East and West, that can assure a more fruitful life for all mankind? Will you join in that historic effort?
In the long history of the world, only a few generations have been granted the role of defending freedom in its hour of maximum danger.I do not shank from this responsibility--I welcome it.I do not believe that any of us would exchange places with any other people or any other generation.The energy, the faith, the devotion which we bring to this endeavor will light our country and all who serve it--and the glow from that fire can truly light the world.And so, my fellow Americans: ask not what your country can do for you--ask what you can do for your country.My fellow citizens of the world: ask not what America will do for you, but what together we can do for the freedom of man.Finally, whether you are citizens of America or citizens of the world, ask of us the same high standards of strength and sacrifice which we ask of you.With a good conscience our only sure reward, with history the final judge of our deeds, let us go forth to lead the land we love, asking His blessing and His help, but knowing that here on earth God's work must truly be our own.44 火炬已经传给新一代美国人
约翰-肯尼迪 就职演讲
星期五,1961年1月20日
首席法官先生、艾森豪威尔总统、尼克松副总统、杜鲁门总统、尊敬的牧师、各位公民：
今天我们庆祝的不是政党的胜利，而是自由的胜利。这象征着一个结束，也象征着一个开端，表示了一种更新，也表示了一种变革。因为我已在你们和全能的上帝面前，宣读了我们的先辈在170多年前拟定的庄严誓言。现在的世界已大不相同了，人类的巨手掌握着既能消灭人间的各种贫困，又能毁灭人间的各种生活的力量。但我们的先辈为之奋斗的那些革命信念，在世界各地仍然有着争论。这个信念就是：人的权利井非来自国家的慷慨，而是来自上帝恩赐。
今天，我们不敢忘记我们是第一次革命的继承者。让我们的朋友和敌人同样听见我此时此地的讲话：火炬已经传给新一代美国人。这一代人在本世纪诞生，在战争中受过锻炼，在艰难困苦的和平时期受过陶冶，他们为我国悠久的传统感到自豪——他们不愿目睹或听任我国一向保证的、今天仍在国内外作出保证的人权渐趋毁灭。
让每个国家都知道——不论它希望我们繁荣还是希望我们衰落——为确保自由的存在和自由的胜利，我们将付出任何代价，承受任何负担，应付任何艰难，支持任何朋友，反抗任何敌人。
这些就是我们的保证——而且还有更多的保证。
对那些和我们有着共同文化和精神渊源的老盟友，我们保证待以诚实朋友那样的忠诚。我们如果团结一致，就能在许多合作事业中无在而下胜；我们如果分歧对立，就会一事无成——因为我们不敢在争吵下休、四分五裂时迎接强大的挑战。
对那些我们欢迎其加入到自由行列中来的新国家，我们格守我们的誓言：决不让一种更为残酷的暴政来取代一种消失的殖民统治。我们并不总是指望他们会支持我们的观点。但我们始终希望看到他们坚强地维护自己的自由——而且要记住，在历史上，凡愚蠢地骑在虎背上谋求权力的人，都是以葬身虎口而告终。
对世界各地身居茅舍和乡村，为摆脱普遍贪困而斗争的人们，我们保证尽量大努力帮助他们自立，不管需要花多长时间——之所以这样做，并不是因为共产党可能正在这样做，也不是因为我们需要他们的选票，而是因为这样做是正确的，自由社会如果不能帮助众多的穷人，也就无法保全少数富人。
对我国南面的姐妹共和国，我们提出一项特殊的保证——在争取进步的新同盟中，把我们善意的话变为善意的行动，帮助自由的人们和自由的政府摆脱贫困的枷锁。但是，这种充满希望的和平革命决不可以成为敌对国家的牺牲品。我们要让所有邻国都知道，我们将和他们在一起，反对在美洲任何地区进行侵略和颠覆活动。让所有其他国家都知道，本半球的人仍然想做自己家园的主人。
联合国是主权国家的世界性议事机构，是我们在战争手段大大超过和平手段的时代里最后的、最美好的希望所在。因此，我们重申予以支持；防止它仅仅成为谩骂的场所；加强它对新生国家和弱小国家的保护；扩大它的行使法令的管束范围。
最后，对那些想与我们作时的国家，我们提出一个要求而不是一项保证：在科学释放出可怕的破坏力
量，把全人类卷人到预谋的或意外的自我毁灭的深渊之前，让我们双方重新开始寻求和平。
我们不敢以怯弱来引诱他们。因为只有当我们毫无疑问地拥有足够的军备，我们才能毫无疑问地确信永远下会使用这些军备。
但是，这两个强大的国家集团都无法从目前所走的道路中得到安慰——发展现代武器所需的费用使双方负担过重，致命的原子武器的不断扩散理所当然使双方忧心忡忡，但是，双方却在争着改变那制止人类发动最后战争的不移定的恐怖均势。因此，让我们双方重新开始——双方都要牢记。礼貌并不意味着怯弱，诚意永远有侍于验证。让我们决不要由于畏惧而谈判。但我们决不能畏惧谈判。
让双方都来探讨使我们团结起来的问题，而不要操劳那些使我们分裂的问题。
让双方首次为军备检查和军备控制制订认真而又明确的提案，把毁灭他国的绝对力量置于所有国家的绝对控制之下。
让双方寻求利用科学的奇迹，而不是乞灵于科学造成的恐怖。让我们一起探索星球，征服沙漠，根除疾患，开发深梅，并鼓励艺术和商业的发展。
让双方团结起来，在全世界各个角落倾听以赛亚的训令——“解下轭上的索，使被欺压的得自由。”
如果合作的滩头阵地的逼退猜忌的丛林，那么就让双方共同作一次新的努力：不是建立一种新的均势，而是创造一个新的法治世界，在这个世界中，强者公正，弱者安全，和平将得到维护。
所有这一切下可能在第一个一百天内完成，也不可能在第一个一千天或者在本届政府任期内完成，甚至也许不可能在我们居住在这个星球上的有生之年内完成。但是，让我们开始吧。
公民们，我们方针的最终成败与其说掌握在我手中，不如说掌握在你们手中。自从合众国建立以来，每一代美国人都曾受到召唤去证明他们对国家的忠诚。响应召唤而献身的美国青年的坟墓遍及全球。
现在，号角已再次吹响——不是召唤我们拿起武器，虽然我们需要武器，不是召唤我们去作战，虽然我们严阵以待。它召唤我们为迎接黎明而肩负起漫长斗争的重任，年复一年，“从希望中得到欢乐，在苦难中保持坚韧”，去反对人类共同的敌人——专制、贫困、疾病和战争本身。
为反对这些敌人，确保人类更为丰裕的生活，我们能够组成一个包括东西南北各方的全球大联盟吗？你们愿意参加这一历史性的努力吗？
在漫长的世界历史中，只有少数几代人在自由处于最危急的时刻被赋予保卫自由的责任。我不会推卸这一责任，我欢迎这一责任。我不相信我们中间有人想同其他人或其他时代的人交换位置。我们为这一努力所奉献的精力、信念和忠诚，将照亮我们的国家和所有力国效劳的人，而这火焰发出的光芒定能照亮全世界。
因此，美国同胞们，不要问国家能力你们做些什么，而要问你们能为国家做些什么。
全世界的公民们，不要间美国将为你们做些什么，而要问我们共同能为人类的自中做些什么。
最后，不论你们是美国公民还是其他国家的公民，你们应该要求我们现出我们同样要求于你们地高度力量和牺牲。问心无愧是我们唯一可靠的奖赏，历史是我们行动的最终裁判，让我们走向前去，引导我们所珍爱的国家。我们祈求上帝的福佑和帮助，但我们知道，确切的说，上帝在尘世的工作必定是我们自己的工作。
1949年美国总统杜鲁门就职演说
Inaugural Address of Harry S.Truman
THURSDAY, JANUARY 20, 1949
Mr.Vice President, Mr.Chief Justice, and fellow citizens, I accept with humility the honor which the American people have conferred upon me.I accept it with a deep resolve to do all that I can for the welfare of this Nation and for the peace of the world.In performing the duties of my office, I need the help and prayers of every one of you.I ask for your encouragement and your support.The tasks we face are difficult, and we can accomplish them only if we work together.Each period of our national history has had its special challenges.Those that confront us now are as momentous as any in the past.Today marks the beginning not only of a new administration, but of a period that will be eventful, perhaps decisive, for us and for the world.It may be our lot to experience, and in large measure to bring about, a major turning point in the long history of the human race.The first half of this century has been marked by unprecedented and brutal attacks on the rights of man, and by the two most frightful wars in history.The supreme need of our time is for men to learn to live together in peace and harmony.The peoples of the earth face the future with grave uncertainty, composed almost equally of great hopes and great fears.In this time of doubt, they look to the United States as never before for good will, strength, and wise leadership.It is fitting, therefore, that we take this occasion to proclaim to the world the essential principles of the faith by which we live, and to declare our aims to all peoples.The American people stand firm in the faith which has inspired this Nation from the beginning.We believe that all men have a right to equal justice under law and equal opportunity to share in the common good.We believe that all men have the right to freedom of thought and expression.We believe that all men are created equal because they are created in the image of God.From this faith we will not be moved.The American people desire, and are determined to work for, a world in which all nations and all peoples are free to govern themselves as they see fit, and to achieve a decent and satisfying life.Above all else, our people desire, and are determined to work for, peace on earth--a just and lasting peace--based on genuine agreement freely arrived at by equals.In the pursuit of these aims, the United States and other like-minded nations find themselves directly opposed by a regime with contrary aims and a totally different concept of life.47
That regime adheres to a false philosophy which purports to offer freedom, security, and greater opportunity to mankind.Misled by this philosophy, many peoples have sacrificed their liberties only to learn to their sorrow that deceit and mockery, poverty and tyranny, are their reward.That false philosophy is communism.Communism is based on the belief that man is so weak and inadequate that he is unable to govern himself, and therefore requires the rule of strong masters.Democracy is based on the conviction that man has the moral and intellectual capacity, as well as the inalienable right, to govern himself with reason and justice.Communism subjects the inpidual to arrest without lawful cause, punishment without trial, and forced labor as the chattel of the state.It decrees what information he shall receive, what art he shall produce, what leaders he shall follow, and what thoughts he shall think.Democracy maintains that government is established for the benefit of the inpidual, and is charged with the responsibility of protecting the rights of the inpidual and his freedom in the exercise of his abilities.Communism maintains that social wrongs can be corrected only by violence.Democracy has proved that social justice can be achieved through peaceful change.Communism holds that the world is so deeply pided into opposing classes that war is inevitable.Democracy holds that free nations can settle differences justly and maintain lasting peace.These differences between communism and democracy do not concern the United States alone.People everywhere are coming to realize that what is involved is material well-being, human dignity, and the right to believe in and worship God.I state these differences, not to draw issues of belief as such, but because the actions resulting from the Communist philosophy are a threat to the efforts of free nations to bring about world recovery and lasting peace.Since the end of hostilities, the United States has invested its substance and its energy in a great constructive effort to restore peace, stability, and freedom to the world.We have sought no territory and we have imposed our will on none.We have asked for no privileges we would not extend to others.We have constantly and vigorously supported the United Nations and related agencies as a means of applying democratic principles to international relations.We have consistently advocated and relied
upon peaceful settlement of disputes among nations.We have made every effort to secure agreement on effective international control of our most powerful weapon, and we have worked steadily for the limitation and control of all armaments.We have encouraged, by precept and example, the expansion of world trade on a sound and fair basis.Almost a year ago, in company with 16 free nations of Europe, we launched the greatest cooperative economic program in history.The purpose of that unprecedented effort is to invigorate and strengthen democracy in Europe, so that the free people of that continent can resume their rightful place in the forefront of civilization and can contribute once more to the security and welfare of the world.Our efforts have brought new hope to all mankind.We have beaten back despair and defeatism.We have saved a number of countries from losing their liberty.Hundreds of millions of people all over the world now agree with us, that we need not have war--that we can have peace.The initiative is ours.We are moving on with other nations to build an even stronger structure of international order and justice.We shall have as our partners countries which, no longer solely concerned with the problem of national survival, are now working to improve the standards of living of all their people.We are ready to undertake new projects to strengthen the free world.In the coming years, our program for peace and freedom will emphasize four major courses of action.First, we will continue to give unfaltering support to the United Nations and related agencies, and we will continue to search for ways to strengthen their authority and increase their effectiveness.We believe that the United Nations will be strengthened by the new nations which are being formed in lands now advancing toward self-government under democratic principles.Second, we will continue our programs for world economic recovery.This means, first of all, that we must keep our full weight behind the European recovery program.We are confident of the success of this major venture in world recovery.We believe that our partners in this effort will achieve the status of self-supporting nations once again.In addition, we must carry out our plans for reducing the barriers to world trade and increasing its volume.Economic recovery and peace itself depend on increased world trade.Third, we will strengthen freedom-loving nations against the dangers of aggression.We are now working out with a number of countries a joint agreement designed to strengthen the security of the North Atlantic area.Such an agreement would take the form of a collective defense
arrangement within the terms of the United Nations Charter.We have already established such a defense pact for the Western Hemisphere by the treaty of Rio de Janeiro.The primary purpose of these agreements is to provide unmistakable proof of the joint determination of the free countries to resist armed attack from any quarter.Each country participating in these arrangements must contribute all it can to the common defense.If we can make it sufficiently clear, in advance, that any armed attack affecting our national security would be met with overwhelming force, the armed attack might never occur.I hope soon to send to the Senate a treaty respecting the North Atlantic security plan.In addition, we will provide military advice and equipment to free nations which will cooperate with us in the maintenance of peace and security.Fourth, we must embark on a bold new program for making the benefits of our scientific advances and industrial progress available for the improvement and growth of underdeveloped areas.More than half the people of the world are living in conditions approaching misery.Their food is inadequate.They are victims of disease.Their economic life is primitive and stagnant.Their poverty is a handicap and a threat both to them and to more prosperous areas.For the first time in history, humanity possesses the knowledge and the skill to relieve the suffering of these people.The United States is pre-eminent among nations in the development of industrial and scientific techniques.The material resources which we can afford to use for the assistance of other peoples are limited.But our imponderable resources in technical knowledge are constantly growing and are inexhaustible.I believe that we should make available to peace-loving peoples the benefits of our store of technical knowledge in order to help them realize their aspirations for a better life.And, in cooperation with other nations, we should foster capital investment in areas needing development.Our aim should be to help the free peoples of the world, through their own efforts, to produce more food, more clothing, more materials for housing, and more mechanical power to lighten their burdens.We invite other countries to pool their technological resources in this undertaking.Their contributions will be warmly welcomed.This should be a cooperative enterprise in which all nations work together through the United Nations and its specialized agencies wherever practicable.It must be a worldwide effort for the achievement of peace, plenty, and freedom.With the cooperation of business, private capital, agriculture, and labor in this country, this program
里根总统就职演讲稿完整中文翻译版
里根总统是个非常擅长演讲的人，他的演讲从头至尾一气呵成.他不看讲稿，完全是即席演讲。他的语速和声音的节奏控制得非常好，听他的演讲本身就是在欣赏一场伟大的演出。
Senator Hatfield, Mr.Chief Justice, Mr.President, Vice President Bush, Vice President Mondale, Senator Baker, Speaker O'Neill, Reverend Moomaw, and my fellow citizens: To a few of us here today, this is a solemn and most momentous occasion;and yet, in the history of our Nation, it is a commonplace occurrence.The orderly transfer of authority as called for in the Constitution routinely takes place as it has for almost two centuries and few of us stop to think how unique we really are.In the eyes of many in the world, this every-4-year ceremony we accept as normal is nothing less than a miracle.尊敬的海特菲尔德议员、法官先生、总统先生、副总统布什、蒙代尔、贝克议员、发言人奥尼尔、摩麦以及广大支持我的美国同胞们：今天对于我们中间的一些人来说，是一个非常庄严隆重的时刻。对于这个国家的历史却是一件普通的事情。按照宪法要求，政府权利正在有序地移交，我们已经如此“例行公事”了两个世纪，很少有人觉得这有什么特别。但在世界上更多人看来，我们这个已经习以为常的四年一次的仪式却是一个奇迹。
Mr.President, I want our fellow citizens to know how much you did to carry on this tradition.By your gracious cooperation in the transition process, you have shown a watching world that we are a united people pledged to maintaining a political system which guarantees inpidual liberty to a greater degree than any other, and I thank you and your people for all your help in maintaining the continuity which is the bulwark of our Republic.总统先生，我希望我们的同胞们都能知道你为了这个传承而付出的努力。通过移交程序中的通力合作，展示了这样一个事实：我们是一个团结一致的民族，这个民族决心捍卫一种比任何其他体制更能充分保证个人民主自由的政治制度。我要感谢你和你的伙伴们的帮助，因为你们坚持了这样的传承，这种传承的连续性恰是我们共和国的支柱。
The business of our nation goes forward.These United States are confronted with an economic affliction of great proportions.We suffer from the longest and one of the worst sustained inflations in our national history.It distorts our economic decisions, penalizes thrift, and crushes the struggling young and the fixed-income elderly alike.It threatens to shatter the lives of millions of our people.我们国家的事业在继续前进。合众国正面临巨大的经济困难。我们遭遇到我国历史上历时最长、最严重之一的通货膨胀，它扰乱着我们的经济决策，使储蓄的人反而受到惩罚，压迫着正在挣扎谋生的青年人和收入固定的中年人，威胁着要摧毁我国千百万人民的生计。
Idle industries have cast workers into unemployment, causing human misery and personal indignity.Those who do work are denied a fair return for their labor by a tax system which penalizes successful achievement and keeps us from maintaining full productivity.停滞的工业使工人失业、蒙受痛苦并失去了个人尊严。即使那些有工作的人，也因沉重的税负而得不到公正的劳动报酬，因为这种税收制度使我们无法在事业上取得成就，使我们无法保持充分的生产力。
But great as our tax burden is, it has not kept pace with public spending.For decades, we have piled deficit upon deficit, mortgaging our future and our children's future for the temporary convenience of the present.To continue this long trend is to guarantee tremendous social, cultural, political, and economic upheavals.尽管我们的纳税负担相当沉重，但还是跟不上公共开支的增长。数十年来，我们的赤字额屡屡上升，我们为图目前暂时的方便，已把自己和子孙的前途都抵押出去。这一趋势如果长此以往，必然引起社会、文化、政治和经济等方面的大动荡。
You and I, as inpiduals, can, by borrowing, live beyond our means, but for only a limited period of time.Why, then, should we think that collectively, as a nation, we are not bound by that same limitation? We must act today in order to preserve tomorrow.And let there be no misunderstanding——we are going to begin to act, beginning today.作为个人，你们和我可以靠借贷过一种入不敷出的生活，然而只能维持一段有限的时期，我们怎么可以认为，作为一个国家整体，我们就不应受到同样的约束呢？为了明天，我们今天就必须行动起来。大家都要明白无误地懂得--我们从今天起就要采取行动。
The economic ills we suffer have come upon us over several decades.They will not go away in days, weeks, or months, but they will go away.They will go away because we, as Americans, have the capacity now, as we have had in the past, to do whatever needs to be done to preserve this last and greatest bastion of freedom.我们深受其害的经济弊病，几十年来一直袭击着我们。这些弊病不会在几天、几星期或几个月内消失，但它们终将消失。它们之所以终将消失，是因为我们作为现在的美国人，一如既往地有能力去完成需要完成的事情，以保存这个最后而又最伟大的自由堡垒。
In this present crisis, government is not the solution to our problem.在当前这场危机中，政府的管理不能解决我们面临的问题。政府的管理就是问题所在。
From time to time, we have been tempted to believe that society has become too complex to be managed by self-rule, that government by an elite group is superior to government for, by, and of the people.But if no one among us is capable of governing himself, then who among us has the capacity to govern someone else? All of us together, in and out of government, must bear the burden.The solutions we seek must be equitable, with no one group singled out to pay a higher price.我们时常误以为，社会已经越来越复杂，已经不可能凭借自治方式加以管理，而一个由杰出人物组成的政府要比民享、民治、民有的政府高明。可是，假如我们之中谁也管理不了自己，那么，我们之中谁还能去管理他人呢。我们大家--不论政府官员还是平民百姓--必须共同肩负起这个责任，我们谋求的解决办法必须是公平的，不要使任何一个群体付出较高的代价。
We hear much of special interest groups.Our concern must be for a special interest group that has been too long neglected.It knows no sectional boundaries or ethnic and racial pisions, and it crosses political party lines.It is made up of men and women who raise our food, patrol our streets, man our mines and our factories, teach our children, keep our homes, and heal us when we are sick——professionals, industrialists, shopkeepers, clerks, cabbies, and truckdrivers.They are, in short, “We the people,” this breed called Americans.我们听到许多关于特殊利益集团的谈论，然而。我们必须关心一个被忽视了大久的特殊利益集团。这个集团没有区域之分，没有人种之分，没有民族之分，没有政党之分，这个集团由许许多多的男人与女人组成，他们生产粮食，巡逻街头，管理厂矿，教育儿童，照料家务和治疗疾病。他们是专业人员、实业家、店主、职员、出租汽车司机和货车驾驶员，总而言之，他们就是“我们的人民”—就是美国人民。
Well, this administration's objective will be a healthy, vigorous, growing economy that provides equal opportunity for all Americans, with no barriers born of bigotry or discrimination.Putting America back to work means putting all Americans back to work.Ending inflation means freeing all Americans from the terror of runaway living costs.All must share in the productive work of this “new beginning” and all must share in the bounty of a revived economy.With the idealism and fair play which are the core of our system and our strength, we can have a strong and prosperous America at peace with itself and the world.本届政府的目标是必须建立一种健全的、生气勃勃的和日益发展的经济，为全体美国人民提供一种不因偏执或歧视而造成障碍的均等机会。使美国复兴，意味着使全体美国人都有工作；制止通货膨胀，意味着使全体美国人免除对势如脱缰之马的生活费用的恐惧。人人都应分担“新开端”的富有成效的工作，人人都应分享经济复苏的硕果。我们力量的核心是理想主义和公正对待的精神，有了这些，我们就能建立一个强大繁荣的美国，在国内和全世界都相安无事。
So, as we begin, let us take inventory.We are a nation that has a government——not the other way around.And this makes us special among the nations of the Earth.Our Government has no power except that granted it by the people.It is time to check and reverse the growth of government which shows signs of having grown beyond the consent of the governed.在我们向复兴美国开始迈步之际，先让我们看看我们的实际情况。我们是一个拥有政府的国家--而不是一个拥有国家的政府。这一点使我们在世界合国中独树一帜，我们的政府除了人民授予的权力，没有任何别的权力。现在是制止并扭转政府机构和权力膨胀的时候了，因为种种迹象表明，这种膨胀已超过人民的意愿。
It is my intention to curb the size and influence of the Federal establishment and to demand recognition of the distinction between the powers granted to the Federal Government and those reserved to the States or to the people.All of us need to be reminded that the Federal Government did not create the States;the States created the Federal Government.我想要做的是限制联邦政府的规模和权力，并要求大家承认联邦政府被授予的权力同各州或人民保留的权利这两者之间的区别。必须提醒我们大家注意：不是联邦政府创立了各州，而是各州创立了联邦政府。
Now, so there will be no misunderstanding, it is not my intention to do away with government.It is, rather, to make it work-work with us, not over us;to stand by our side, not ride on our back.Government can and must provide opportunity, not smother it;foster productivity, not stifle it.因此，请不要误解，我不是要取消政府，而是要它发挥作用--同我们一起合作，而不是凌驾于我们之上；同我们并肩而立，而不是骑在我们的身上。政府能够而且必须提供而不是扼杀机会，能够而且必须促进而不是抑制生产力。
If we look to the answer as to why, for so many years, we achieved so much, prospered as no other people on Earth, it was because here, in this land, we unleashed the energy and inpidual genius of man to a greater extent than has ever been done before.Freedom and the dignity of the inpidual have been more available and assured here than in any other place on Earth.The price for this freedom at times has been high, but we have never been unwilling to pay that price.多年来我们能取得巨大成就，获得世界上任何一个民族未曾获得的繁荣昌盛的原因是在这片土地上我们比以往任何时候都最大程度地发挥人的潜能和个人的天才；这里比任何其他任何地方更容易得到、更可以保证个人的自由和尊严。得到这种自由所付出的代价有时相当昂贵，但我们从没不愿意付出这种代价。
It is no coincidence that our present troubles parallel and are proportionate to the intervention and intrusion in our lives that result from unnecessary and excessive growth of government.It is time for us to realize that we are too great a nation to limit ourselves to small dreams.We are not, as some would have us believe, loomed to an inevitable decline.I do not believe in a fate that will all on us no matter what we do.I do believe in a fate that will fall on us if we do nothing.So, with all the creative energy at our command, let us begin an era of national renewal.Let us renew our determination, our courage, and our strength.And let us renew;our faith and our hope.We have every right to dream heroic dreams.我们目前困难的制造者是政府不必要和过度膨胀对我们生活的干预和侵扰，这不是偶然的巧合。我们应该真正认识到我们是一个伟大的国家，不能自囿于小小的梦想，我们不像有些人要我们相信的那样注定要不可避免地衰落，我不相信我们命该如此，无论我们做什么都不能改变那些人描绘的宿命，但我相信，如果我们什么也不做，我们将的确命该如此。为此，让我们以我们拥有的一切创造力来开创一个国家复兴的时代吧。让我们重新下定决心，拿出我们的勇气和力量，让我们重新满怀信心和希望，我们完全有权利塑造崇高的理想。
Those who say that we are in a time when there are no heroes just don't know where to look.You can see heroes every day going in and out of factory gates.Others, a handful in number, produce enough food to feed all of us and then the world beyond.You meet heroes across a counter——and they are on both sides of that counter.There are entrepreneurs with faith in themselves and faith in an idea who create new jobs, new wealth and opportunity.They are inpiduals and families whose taxes support the Government and whose voluntary gifts support church, charity, culture, art, and education.Their patriotism is quiet but deep.Their values sustain our national life.当下那些不知道去哪发现英雄的人说我们正身处于一个没有英雄的时代。你们可以看到每天进出于工厂大门的英雄们；另外一些英雄人数虽少，但生产的粮食却足够养活我们大家和世界其他地区的人民；你们会在柜台前遇到英雄--在柜台的内外遇到英雄们，其中的一些人是对自己抱有信心的、有理想的企业家，他们创造新的职业、新的财富和机会，政府的维持就是靠这样一些个人和家族缴纳的捐税，教会、慈善事业、文化、艺术和教育事业也是靠他们的自愿捐献来维持的。他们的爱国主义精神含而不露，但却是强烈的，他们创造的价值支撑着我们的国民生活。
I have used the words “they” and “their” in speaking of these heroes.I could say “you” and “your” because I am addressing the heroes of whom I speak——you, the citizens of this blessed land.Your dreams, your hopes, your goals are going to be the dreams, the hopes, and the goals of this administration, so help me God.我在说到这些英雄时，用了“他们”和“他们的”这两个字眼，但也可以说“你们”、“你们的”。因为我现在正给我提及的英雄们讲话--就是你们，这个上帝降福的国土上的公民们。你们的理想、希望、目标将是本届政府的理想、希望、目标，愿上帝保佑我做到这一点。
We shall reflect the compassion that is so much a part of your makeup.How can we love our country and not love our countrymen, and loving them, reach out a hand when they fall, heal them when they are sick, and provide opportunities to make them self-sufficient so they will be equal in fact and not just in theory?
我们将体现出在你们的禀性中占很大成分的同情心。怎么能爱我们的国家而不爱我们的同胞呢？我们要爱他们，在他们摔倒时伸出手去扶住他们，在他们患病时给他们治愈，并提供机会使他们自给自足，使他们获得实在而不是口头上的平等。
Can we solve the problems confronting us? Well, the answer is an unequivocal and emphatic “yes.” To paraphrase Winston Churchill, I did not take the oath I have just taken with the intention of presiding over the dissolution of the world's strongest economy.我们能解决摆在我们面前的这些问题吗？回答是毫不含糊和断然的两个字“能够”，借用温斯顿丘吉尔的话说，我刚才宣誓并不是想要在我的领导下使这个世界最强大的经济瓦解。
In the days ahead I will propose removing the roadblocks that have slowed our economy and reduced productivity.Steps will be taken aimed at restoring the balance between the various levels of government.Progress may be slow——measured in inches and feet, not miles——but we will progress.Is it time to reawaken this industrial giant, to get government back within its means, and to lighten our punitive tax burden.And these will be our first priorities, and on these principles, there will be no compromise.在今后的一段时间，我将建议消除一些使得我们经济发展缓慢和生产力下降的障碍，将要采取一些旨在恢复各级政府之间保持平衡的步骤，进展也许是缓慢的，用英寸和英尺而不是用英里来衡量，但我们会前进。现在应当是唤醒这个工业巨人的时候，使政府能够重新量入为出，减轻我们惩罚性的赋税负担，这将是我们首要的任务，在这些原则上绝不会妥协。
On the eve of our struggle for independence a man who might have been one of the greatest among the Founding Fathers, Dr.Joseph Warren, President of the Massachusetts Congress, said to his fellow Americans, “Our country is in danger, but not to be despaired of…… On you depend the fortunes of America.You are to decide the important questions upon which rests the happiness and the liberty of millions yet unborn.Act worthy of yourselves.”
在我国为独立而斗争的前夕，有一个人曾对他的美国同胞说：“我们现在处于危险之中，但并没有绝望…美国的命运取决与你们。关系到尚未出生的千百万人的幸福和自由的一个重要问题是由你们来决定，你们的行动要无愧与你自己。”这个人就是马萨诸塞议会主席约瑟夫沃伦博士，如果他当初没有在邦克山牺牲，他也许成为我国建国的先人中最伟大的任务之一。
Well, I believe we, the Americans of today, are ready to act worthy of ourselves, ready to do what must be done to ensure happiness and liberty for ourselves, our children and our children's children.我相信，我们当代美国人已做好无愧于我们自己行动的准备，做好为确保我们自己、孩子和子孙后代的幸福和自由必须进行工作的准备。
And as we renew ourselves here in our own land, we will be seen as having greater strength throughout the world.We will again be the exemplar of freedom and a beacon of hope for those who do not now have freedom.当我们在这块土地上时代相传时，全世界将看到，我们所具有的力量更加强大，我们将再度成为自由的典范，成为现在还没有获得自由的那些人的希望之光。
To those neighbors and allies who share our freedom, we will strengthen our historic ties and assure them of our support and firm commitment.We will match loyalty with loyalty.We will strive for mutually beneficial relations.We will not use our friendship to impose on their sovereignty, for or own sovereignty is not for sale.对于与我们怀有同样自由理想的那些邻国和盟国，我们将加强我们之间传统性的沟通，保证对他们予以支持，对他们履行应尽的义务，忠诚地报答他们的忠诚，努力争取建立互利的关系，决不利用这种友谊去影响他们的主权，因为我们自己的主权也是不能出卖的。
As for the enemies of freedom, those who are potential adversaries, they will be reminded thatpeace is the highest aspiration of the American people.We will negotiate for it, sacrifice for it;we will not surrender for it——now or ever.对于那些自由的敌人和潜在的对手，我们要提醒他们，和平是美国人民的最高愿望。我们将为和平而谈判，为和平而牺牲，但我们绝不为和平而投降，现在不会，将来也永远不会。
Our forbearance should never be misunderstood.Our reluctance for conflict should not bemisjudged as a failure of will.When action is required to preserve our national security, we will act.We will maintain sufficient strength to prevail if need be, knowing that if we do so we have the best chance of never having to use that strength.对我们的忍让绝不应误解。不要把我们对冲突采取的克制态度误认为是意志不坚强。一旦需要采取行动保卫我们国家的安全，我们就采取行动。我们将保持足以在必要时取胜的力量，这样我们才最有可能不必动用这种力量。
Above all, we must realize that no arsenal, or no weapon in the arsenals of the world, is so formidable as the will and moral courage of free men and women.It is a weapon our adversaries in today's world do not have.It is a weapon that we as Americans do have.Let that be understood by those who practice terrorism and prey upon their neighbors.所以，我们必须认识到，世界各地军火库中的任何武器没有自由人们的意志和维护道义的勇气强大，这是当今世界上我们美国独有而我们对手所没有的武器。要让那些采取恐怖行动和掠夺自己邻国的人懂得这一点。
I am told that tens of thousands of prayer meetings are being held on this day, and for that I am deeply grateful.We are a nation under God, and I believe God intended for us to be free.It would be fitting and good, I think, if on each Inauguration Day in future years it should be declared a day of prayer.当得知今天举行的祈祷会成千上万时，我深为感激。我们是上帝保佑的国家，我们相信，上帝希望我们得到自由。如果每次就职典礼日都能成为祈祷日，那是恰如其逢的好事。
This is the first time in history that this ceremony has been held, as you have been told, on this West Front of the Capitol.Standing here, one faces a magnificent vista, opening up on this city's special beauty and history.At the end of this open mall are those shrines to the giants on whose shoulders we stand.就职仪式在国会大厦西门举行是美国历史的第一次。站在这里，宏伟壮丽的景色尽收眼底，可以看到华盛顿这座城市独特的美丽和历史。在这条宽阔林荫大道尽头矗立着我国历史伟大的纪念物。
Directly in front of me, the monument to a monumental man: George Washington, Father of our country.A man of humility who came to greatness reluctantly.He led America out of revolutionary victory into infant nationhood.Off to one side, the stately memorial to Thomas Jefferson.The Declaration of Independence flames with his eloquence.在我的正前方是一位不朽人物的纪念碑，他就是我们的国父乔治华盛顿。他禀性谦恭，处于时势所迫才做出伟大业绩，领导美国取得革命胜利，建立一个新国家。稍偏一点是庄严雄伟的托马斯杰斐逊纪念堂，独立宣言闪耀着他的雄辩才华。
And then beyond the Reflecting Pool the dignified columns of the Lincoln Memorial.Whoever would understand in his heart the meaning of America will find it in the life of Abraham Lincoln.在映影池的那一边，矗立着由大圆柱组成的庄严肃穆的林肯纪念堂，任何想彻底了解美国真谛的人都会在亚伯拉罕林肯的一生中得到答案。
Beyond those monuments to heroism is the Potomac River, and on the far shore the sloping hills of Arlington National Cemetery with its row on row of simple white markers bearing crosses or Stars of David.They add up to only a tiny fraction of the price that has been paid for our freedom.过了这些英雄纪念物就是波托马克河，河对岸就是阿灵顿国家公墓，坡地上排者一行行刻着十字架和大卫王之星的朴实无华的白色墓碑，他们仅仅是为了我们的自由所付出的代价的缩影。
Each one of those markers is a monument to the kinds of hero I spoke of earlier.Their lives ended in places called Belleau Wood, The Argonne, Omaha Beach, Salerno and halfway around the world on Guadalcanal, Tarawa, Pork Chop Hill, the Chosin Reservoir, and in a hundred rice paddies and jungles of a place called Vietnam.这里的每一个墓碑都是对我所提及的那些英雄的纪念。他们在一些叫贝鲁伍德、阿尔贡、奥马哈滩、萨莱诺的地方，在相隔半个地球之遥的瓜达卡钠尔、塔拉瓦、独排山、长津水岸和一个叫越南--有着许许多多稻田和丛林的地方献出了他们的生命。
Under one such marker lies a young man——Martin Treptow——who left his job in a small town barber shop in 1917 to go to France with the famed Rainbow Division.There, on the western front, he was killed trying to carry a message between battalions under heavy artillery fire.在这里的一块墓碑下躺着一位名叫马丁托雷普托的年轻人，他于1917年离开一座小镇的理发馆，随同著名的彩虹师来到法国。在那里的西部战场上，他在猛烈的炮火中为自己的部队传递信息时牺牲了。
We are told that on his body was found a diary.On the flyleaf under the heading, “My Pledge,” he had written these words: “America must win this war.Therefore, I will work, I will save, I will sacrifice, I will endure, I will fight cheerfully and do my utmost, as if the issue of the whole struggle depended on me alone.” 有人告诉我们在他的身上发现一本日记。扉页上写着这样的标题：“我的誓言”。他写下了这样的话语：“美国必须赢得这场战争。为此，我会奋斗，我会拯救，我会牺牲，我会忍受，我会并将尽我最大的努力英勇奋战，就好比所有的战争问题都将由我一个人来肩负。”
The crisis we are facing today does not require of us the kind of sacrifice that Martin Treptow and so many thousands of others were called upon to make.It does require, however, our best effort, and our willingness to believe in ourselves and to believe in our capacity to perform great deeds;to believe that together, with God's help, we can and will resolve the problems which now confront us.我们今天面临的危机并不是要求我们作出像马丁托雷普托和其他数以千计人那样的牺牲，然而，它确实要求我们作出最大的努力去工作，要求我们愿意相信自己，相信我们有能力干出伟大的事业：团结一致，在上帝的帮助下，能够并且一定会解决我们面临的种种问题。
And, after all, why shouldn't we believe that? We are Americans.God bless you, and thank you.我们为什么不应该相信这一点呢？毕竟我们是美国人。愿上帝祝福你们。
Mr.Vice President, Mr.Speaker, Members of the Senate, and of the House of Representatives:总统 副总统先生，议长先生，各位两院议员：
Yesterday, December 7th, 1941--a date which will live in infamy--the United States of America was suddenly and deliberately attacked by naval and air forces of the Empire of Japan.昨天，1941年12月7日――这一天将成为我们的国耻日――美利坚合众国遭到日本帝国的蓄谋已久的海、空突袭。The United States was at peace with that nation and, at the solicitation of Japan, was still in conversation with its government and its emperor looking toward the maintenance of peace in the Pacific.美国曾与该国和平相处，应该国之邀，还在与该国政府和天皇进行谈判，谋求维护太平洋区域和平。
Indeed, one hour after Japanese air squadrons had commenced bombing in the American island of Oahu, the Japanese ambassador to the United States and his colleague delivered to our Secretary of State a formal reply to a recent American message.And while this reply stated that it seemed useless to continue the existing diplomatic negotiations, it contained no threat or hint of war or of armed attack.事实上，在日本航空队开始轰炸美国的瓦湖岛一小时后，日本驻美大使及其同僚向我国务卿提交了对我国最近照会的正式答复，其内容是继续正在进行的外交谈判似乎已无意义，没有任何战争或武装攻击的威胁或暗示。
It will be recorded that the distance of Hawaii from Japan makes it obvious that the attack was deliberately planned many days or even weeks ago.During the intervening time, the Japanese government has deliberately sought to deceive the United States by false statements and expressions of hope for continued peace.我们要牢记夏威夷到日本的距离清楚地表明，这次袭击只能是几天甚至是几周前蓄意策划的。在这期间，日本政府蓄意谋求用维护和平的善意的虚假消息来欺骗美国。
The attack yesterday on the Hawaiian islands has caused severe damage to American naval and military forces.I regret to tell you that very many American lives have been lost.In addition, American ships have been reported torpedoed on the high seas between San Francisco and Honolulu.昨天对夏威夷群岛的攻击给美国海军和陆军造成了严重损失。我很遗憾地告诉你们很多美国人丧生。此外，美国船只在旧金山与火努鲁鲁之间的公海遭鱼雷攻击。
Yesterday, the Japanese government also launched an attack against Malaya.昨天夜间，日本政府发动了对马来亚的进攻。Last night, Japanese forces attacked Hong Kong.昨天夜间，日军攻击了香港。
Last night, Japanese forces attacked Guam.昨天夜间，日军攻击了关岛。
Last night, Japanese forces attacked the Philippine Islands.昨天夜间，日军攻击了菲律宾群岛。Last night, the Japanese attacked Wake Island.昨天夜间，日军攻击了威克岛。
And this morning, the Japanese attacked Midway Island.今天上午，日军攻击了中途岛。
Japan has, therefore, undertaken a surprise offensive extending throughout the Pacific area.The facts of yesterday and today speak for themselves.The people of the United States have already formed their opinions and well understand the implications to the very life and safety of our nation.因此，日本已经实施了对太平洋区域的突袭。昨天和今天的事实已经不言而喻了。美国人民已下定决心，并且深知这对国家安全和每个人意味着什么。
As commander in chief of the Army and Navy, I have directed that all measures be taken for our defense.But always will our whole nation remember the character of the onslaught against us.作为美国海陆军总司令，我已下令不惜一切保卫国家。但是我们全国都要永记这次偷袭的性质。
No matter how long it may take us to overcome this premeditated invasion, the American people in their righteous might will win through to absolute victory.不管用多长时间，我们终将战胜这次有预谋的侵略，美国人用他们的正义力量必将彻底胜利。
I believe that I interpret the will of the Congress and of the people when I assert that we will not only defend ourselves to the uttermost, but will make it very certain that this form of treachery shall never again endanger us.我相信我代表了国会和人民的意志，我宣布我们不仅要尽全力保卫自己，还要确保这样的背信弃义决不会再次发生。Hostilities exist.There is no blinking at the fact that our people, our territory, and our interests are in grave danger.面对敌意，我们不能闪烁其词，因为我们的人民、国土和利益都在最危险之中。
With confidence in our armed forces, with the unbounding determination of our people, we will gain the inevitable triumph--so help us God.有对军队的信心，有人民的不屈决心，我们必胜！上帝保佑！I ask that the Congress declare that since the unprovoked and dastardly attack by Japan on Sunday, December 7th, 1941, a state of war has existed between the United States and the Japanese empire.因为周日，1941年12月7日，日本对我国的无故的欺软怕硬的偷袭，我恳请国会宣布美国和日本帝国进入战争状态。
电影专业术语 中英文对照
documentary(film)记录片,文献片
filmdom 电影界
literary film 文艺片
musicals 音乐片
comedy 喜剧片
tragedy 悲剧片
dracula movie 恐怖片
sowordsmen film 武侠片
detective film 侦探片
ethical film 伦理片
affectional film 爱情片
erotic film 黄色片
western movies 西部片
film d’avant-garde 前卫片
serial 系列片
trailer 预告片
cartoon(film)卡通片,动画片
footage 影片长度
full-length film, feature film 长片
short(film)短片
colour film 彩色片(美作:color film)
silent film 默片,无声片
dubbed film 配音复制的影片,译制片
silent cinema, silent films 无声电影
sound motion picture, talkie 有声电影
cinemascope, CinemaScope 西涅玛斯科普型立体声宽银幕电影,变形镜头式宽银幕电影
cinerama, Cinerama 西涅拉玛型立体声宽银幕电影,全景电影
title 片名
original version 原著
dialogue 对白
subtitles, subtitling 字幕
credits, credit titles 对原作者及其他有贡献者的谢启和姓名
telefilm 电视片
演员actors
cast 阵容
film star, movie star 电影明星
star, lead 主角
double, stand-in 替身演员
stunt man 特技替身演员
extra, walker-on 临时演员
character actor 性格演员
regular player 基本演员
extra 特别客串
film star 电影明星
film actor 男电影明星
film actress 女电影明星
support 配角
util 跑龙套
工作人员technicians
adapter 改编
scenarist, scriptwriter 脚本作者
dialogue writer 对白作者
production manager 制片人
producer 制片主任
film director 导演
assistant director 副导演,助理导演
cameraman, set photographer 摄影师
assistant cameraman 摄影助理
property manager, propsman 道具员
art director 布景师(美作:set decorator)
stagehand 化装师
lighting engineer 灯光师
film cutter 剪辑师
sound engineer, recording director 录音师
script girl, continuity girl 场记员
scenario writer, scenarist 剧作家
distributor 发行人
Board of Censors 审查署
shooting schedule 摄制计划
censor’s certificate 审查级别
release 准予上映
banned film 禁映影片
A-certificate A级(儿童不宜)
U-certificate U级
X-certificate X级(成人级)
direction 导演 production 制片 adaptation 改编
scenario, screenplay, script 编剧 scene 场景 exterior 外景
lighting 灯光 shooting 摄制 to shoot 拍摄
dissolve 渐隐,化入,化出 fade-out 淡出 fade-in 淡入
special effects 特技 slow motion 慢镜头 editing, cutting 剪接 montage 剪辑
recording, sound recording 录音
sound effects 音响效果
mix, mixing 混录
dubbing 配音
postsynchronization 后期录音合成
studio 制片厂,摄影棚
(motion)film studio 电影制片厂
set, stage, floor 场地
propertie
s, props 道具
dolly 移动式摄影小车
spotlight 聚光灯
clapper boards 拍板
microphone 麦克风,话筒
boom 长杆话筒
scenery 布景
电影摄制filming shooting
camera 摄影机
shooting angle 拍摄角度
high angle shot 俯拍
long shot 远景
full shot 全景
close-up, close shot 特写,近景
medium shot 中景
background 背景
three-quarter shot 双人近景
pan 摇镜头
frame, picture 镜头
still 静止
double exposure 两次曝光
superimposition 叠印
exposure meter 曝光表
printing 洗印
影片类型films types
film, motion picture 影片,电影(美作:movie)
newsreel 新闻片,纪录片
放映projection
reel, spool(影片的)卷,本
sound track 音带,声带
showing, screening, projection 放映
projector 放映机
projection booth, projection room 放映室
panoramic screen 宽银幕
film industry 电影工业
cinematograph 电影摄影机, 电影放映机
cinema, pictures 电影院(美作:movie theater)
first-run cinema 首轮影院
second-run cinema 二轮影院
art theatre 艺术影院
continuous performance cinema 循环场电影院
film society 电影协会,电影俱乐部(美作:film club)
film library 电影资料馆
premiere 首映式
film festival 电影节
电影制片工业 technology of motion picture production
电影工业 motion picture industry
电影建筑 film architecyure
感光胶片厂 photographic film factory
电影制片厂 film studio
外景基地 location site
外景场地 location
电影洗印厂 film laboratory
黑白电影 black-and-white film
无声电影 silent film
有声电影 sound film,talkie
立体声电影
stereophonic film
彩色电影 color film
全景电影 cinerama
电视电影 telecine
电影预告片 trailer
外文发行拷贝 foreign version release print
幻灯片 slide
电影字幕 film title
镜头 lens shot cut
画幅 frame
画幅频率 frame frequency
磁转胶 tape to film transfer
胶转磁
film to tape transfer
摄影 photography
曝光 exposure
曝光容度 exposure latitude
滤光器 filter
电影摄影 motion pictures photography，cinematography
焦点 focus
焦距 focal length
景深 depth of fild
取景器 finder
升降车 dolly-crane 改变摄影机拍摄机位一边进行空间移动拍摄的辅助器材
移动车 dolly
焦点虚 out of focus
抖动 flutter
声话不同步 out of sync
一步成像照相机 instant photography camera
航空照相机 aerial camera
水下照相机 underwater camera
自动曝光式照相机 auto-exposure camera，electric eye camera
自动调焦式照相机 automatic focusing camera
快门 shutter
快门时间 shutter speed
摄影光源 photographic light source
强光灯 photoflood lamp
卤钨灯 tungsten halogen lamp
汞灯
mercury lamp
荧光灯 fluorescent
钠灯 sodium lamp
氙灯 xenon lamp
闪光灯 flash lamp
弧光灯 arc lamp
反光器 reflector
落地灯 floor lamp
聚光灯 lens Spotlight
回光灯 reflector Spotlight
散光灯 flood lamp
追光灯 follow Spotlight
双排丝灯 twin-filament lamp
充电 charging
蓄电池 storage battery
发电车 power vehicle
挡光装置 lighting accessories
摄影棚 stage，sound etagere
摄影棚工作天桥 catwalk
单轨
single rail fixed on catwalk
工作走廊 corridor
安全走道 exit corridor
地面电缆槽 floor cable trough
摄影棚排风装置 stage ventilation system
棚外照明天桥 platform outside the stage
电影录音 motion picture sound recording
光学录音 photography soundrecording
磁性录音 magnetic sound recording
激光录音 laser sound recording
单声道录音 monophonic recording
多声道录音 multitrack recording
录音棚
sound studio
解说室
narration room announcer’s booth
观察窗
observation window
录音机械室 recording machine room
混响室 reverberation chamber
电影立体声 stereo sound in film
矩阵立体声 matricx stereo
失真 distortion
音轨 sound track
声轨
sound track
数字录音机 digital audio recorder
遥控 remote control
编码 encode
先期录音 prescoring pre-recording
同期录音 synchronization recording
后期配音 post-scoring post-synchronization
语音录音 dialogue recording
音乐录音 music recording
效果声录音 sound effects recording
解说录音 narration recording
混合录音 sound mixing
缩混（并轨 并道）mixdown
混合声底 mixedsound negative
音乐声底 music negative
混合声正 mixed sound positive
非同步声迹 control track
涂磁拷贝 magnetic striped print
涂磁条 magnetic striping
调音台 mixing console，sound console
外景调音台 portable console，mixer
对白调音台 dialogue mixer
音乐调音台 music mixer
混合调音台 re-recording console
预混 pre-mixing
配音 dubbing
传声放大器 level diagram
传声放大器 microphone amplifier
多轨录音机 multiple recording
磁性还音机 magnetic soundreproducer
放声机 reproducer
采样（取样 抽样）sampling
采样定理 sampling theorem
数字磁带录音机 PCM recording，digital audio tape recording
声场 sound field
混响 reverberation
混响声 reverberant sound
人工 混响 artificial reverberation
自然混响 natural reverberation
电影胶片 motion picture film
片基
film base
安全片基 safety film base
黑白胶片 black-and-white film
黑白负片 black-and-white film
黑白正片
black-and-white positive film
正色片
orthochromatic film
黑白翻正片black-and-white duplicating positive film
黑白反转
片black-and-white reversal
彩色电影正片 color positivefilm
彩色电影负片 color negative film
大型彩色广告片 large-size color positive material
彩色反转片 color reversal film
照相胶卷 photography rollfilm
照相纸 photographic paper
印相纸 printing paper
生胶片 raw stock
合成摄影 composite photography
发行拷贝 release printe
影片库 film library
电影特技
特技电影 special effects cinematography
特技摄影棚 special effects stage
逐格摄影 single frame filming
搭景 set construction
布景构成类型 type of setting
布景构成特点 features of setting
电影化妆
电影化妆 film make-up
化妆颜料 cosmetic color for makeup
粉底霜 foundation cream
睫毛油 mascara
化妆饼 makeup powder
眼影粉 eye shadow
眼线液 eye liner
唇膏 lip stick
指甲油 nail polish
胭脂 rouge
染发剂 hair dye
化妆眉笔
eyebrowse pencil
化妆程序 basic makeup procedures
画腮红 paiting cheek rouge
画眼影 applying eye shadow
画鼻侧影 drawing nose profile
画高光 paiting highlights
画眉眼 drawing eyebrows
画眼线 lining eyelids
涂口红 applying lip paints
画阴影 paiting shadows
扑粉定妆 powdering
人造伤疤 scar effect
人造血 theatrical blood
人造汗 sweate effects、人造泪 tears effects
做脏法 dirt effects
假胡须 false beard
假眉毛 false eyebrows
美术电影
镜头设计稿 storyboard layout
动画
animated drawing
一动画 first in-between animated drawing
校对 check
片头字幕 main and credit titles
片中字幕 subtitle
片尾字幕 end title
译制片字幕 dubbed film title
完成样片 edited daily print
完成双片 cutting copy
● 电影名词解释 | 电影名词解释（中英文对照）
ABERRATION
像差
摄影影头因制作不精密，或人为的损害，不能将一点所发出的所有光线聚焦于底片感光膜上的同一位置，使影像变形，或失焦模糊不清。
ABSOLUTE FILM 绝对电影
一种用抽象图形来诠释音乐的影片。由德国羊肠小道前卫电影导演奥斯卡费辛格于1925-1930年首创。
ABSTRACT FILM 抽象电影一种通过影片的剪辑、视觉技巧、声音性质、色彩形状以及韵律设计等，来表达意念，给人一种自由自在、不拘形式感觉的电影。
电影术语以及解释
ACADEMIC EDITING 学院式剪接
一种仔细依循电影剧情发展过程的剪接方式。其目的是在于重建一个事件的全部过程，维持电影剧情发展的流畅性。因这种剪接方式不会引起观众对剪接本身的注意，有时也被称为“无痕迹剪接”，是好莱坞最常用的剪接方式之一。
ACADEMY APERTURE 影艺学院片门
由美国影艺学
院推行的一种电影片门规格，主要是用于35毫米电影摄影机和放映机。此种规格宽高比例为1.33：1。亦称ACADEMY FRAME。
ACADEMY AWARDS 奥斯卡金像奖
美国影艺学院于1972年设立的奖项，每年颁给表现杰出的电影工作者。每一个奖项最多有五个提名。个人项目奖，可以提高演员或电影工作者的身价。
ACADEMY LEADER 影艺学院导片
依据影艺学院所设定的标准，连接在放映拷贝首尾的一段胶片。导片中含有一系列倒数的数字、放映记录和其他信息，便于放映师装片和换片。导片不仅有保护影片的功能，同时可使放映机从起动到第一格画面到达放映机片门之前，达到正常的放映速度。
ACADEMY MASK 影艺学院遮片由影艺学院规画出来的一种遮掩摄影机部分片门的装置。
ACADEMY OF MOTION PICTURE ARTS ＆ SCIENCE 美国影艺学院（台）美国电影艺术和科学学院（大陆）
成立于1927年，宗旨是“提升电影媒体的艺术品质，提供电影工业不同部门及技术的普遍交流，促进动技术研究与文化发展的代表作，追求其既定的多元化目标”。该学院最知名的是一年一度的奥斯卡金像奖。
ACADEMY STANDARDS 影艺学院标准
指美国影艺学院所订立的技术规格，以在电影工业界推行标准化的作业方式。包括：影艺学院画面（ACADEMY FRAME），影艺学院导片（ACADEMY LEADER），影艺学院遮片（ACADEMY MASK）
ACCELERATED MONTAGE 加速蒙太奇
一种剪接的技巧，目的在于增强动作在影片中的加速度效果。在电影剪接中，常常是用加速蒙太奇的手法来处理追逐场面的高潮。原理是将发生过和的每一个连续动作的画面予以减短，或跳过去不用，造成节奏加快的视觉效果。
ACE 美国电影电视剪接师协会 AMERICAN CINEMA EDITORS的简称。
美国一个专业的电影电视剪接师组织，每年为评选的最佳影片剪接颁发EDDIE奖。
ACTION 开拍
在拍片现场，导演用来命令演员开始表演的口头用语。
ACTION CUTTING 表演场次
为了便于影片的拍摄，通常将影片分成独立的场景进行拍摄，上一个场景常包括下一个场景的开头，以保持剧情的连戏。
ACTION FIELD 表演区
摄影机镜头所能摄入的区域。
ACTION FILM 动作片
泛指以快节奏动作制造趣味的电影，如西部片、功夫片、警匪片，但某些强调动作的闹剧也可包括在内。第一部广受欢迎的动作片是1903年的《火车大劫案》。
ACTORS STUDIO 演员工作室
1947年，由伊力.卡山、劳勃.路易斯和雪莉.史劳复在纽约成立的职业演员训练场所。曾对1950年代的美国戏剧和电影产生相当大的影响。著名演员如：马龙.白兰度、保罗.纽曼等均出於此。
ACTUAL SOUND 真实声音
在一场戏中，声音的来源由演出实况而产生，例如演员的念白、街上的环境声音，都是真实声音。
ACTUALITE
纪实片 一种纪录片式的影片，起源于法国卢卡埃兄弟的早期作品，如《工厂下班》（1895）。
AD LIB 即兴台词
未写在剧本中，由演员随兴表达的对白或妙语。
ADAPTATION 改编
将故事、小说、戏剧或其它适合透过电影媒体来处理的作品搬上银幕。
AERIAL SHOT 高空镜头
从飞机或直升机上拍摄的镜头。
AGENT 经纪人
在授权下，代理他人发言和做决定的人。在好莱坞，经纪人通常可抽取百分之十的佣金，甚至分享影片利润。
AGIT－PROP 政治教育电影
俄文AGITATSIYA－PROPGANDA一词的缩写，原意为鼓动、宣传，是一种教育群众，宣扬政治理论和政治理想的工具。
ALEATORY TECHNIQUE 即兴技巧
指影片的全盘或部分内容透过即兴状况来发展，没有事先架构的意念与形式。如罗勃.阿特曼的《婚礼》（1978）。
AMAMORPHIC LENS 变形镜头
一种可以使宽幅度的场面，被压缩入标准的画面区域的光学透镜。1927年由亨利.克瑞雄根据中国的哈哈镜而发明。二十世纪福斯公司在1953年拍摄《圣袍千秋》时，第一次使用这种镜头。
AMBIGUITY 暧昧性
电影在表达意念时，自觉或不自觉地产生双重或多重意义，造成不定向的指涉和更为复杂、矛盾的结果，就叫暧昧。由于这种暧昧性是以多重意义为基础，有时亦译作“多义性”。在电影中，暧昧性的产生可来自影像、剧情、剪辑、声音和表演等元素，有时也建立在这些元素的对比关系上。剧作家路易吉.皮蓝德娄是戏剧暧昧手法的先驱，代表作为《六个寻找作家的剧中人》。
AMERICAN FILM INSTITUTE 美国电影学院
创立于1967年，总部设在华盛顿特区。宗旨是“保护美国电影的传统，并促进其艺术发展”。
AMERICAN MONTAGE 美国式蒙太奇
一种表达时间飞逝，或故事发展摘要的剪接技巧，始于1930年代的美国好莱坞。此技巧的特点，在于利用一连串短促的报纸标题镜头告诉观众事情发展。如影片《教父》（1972）。
AMERICAN SOCIETY OF CINEMATOGRAPHERS 美国电影摄影师协会 成立于1919年，由好莱坞主要电影摄影师成立的同业协会，简称“A.S.C.”宗旨是“促进电影摄影的艺术”，会员采用邀请制。
AMERICAN STANDARDS ASSOCIATION 美国标准协会
简称“A.S.A”，该协会于1930年开始为电影、摄影及电视，建立技术的标准，即“ASA标准”。该协会于1966年改名为美国标准学会（USA STANDARDS INSTITUTE）
AMERICAN STUDIO YEARS 美国片厂时代
盛行于1925年到1960年，片厂时代的影片，都以高品质的技术来增进其吸引力，吸引
广大的观众。电影制作高度分工，摄制过程的每阶段都以生产装配线的方式处理。典型做法是一窝蜂跟拍受欢迎的类型电影，且叙述的惯例和公式不断重复，产生许多受欢迎的电影类型：歌舞片、警匪片、西部片、爱情片、喜剧片和剧集。
ANAGLYPH 立体电影
将两影像重合，产生三维立体效果，当观众戴上立体眼镜观看时，有身临其境的感觉。亦称“3D立体电影”。ANIMATION
动画
逐格拍摄平面图画或立体物体，使它产生运动幻觉的一种电影。卡通片是最常见的一种动画，还包括木偶动画、剪影动画、实体动画等。拍摄时，一个动作往往被分解成数十幅图画，然后再以每格1/24秒的速度逐一拍摄。
动画最早可追溯到古埃及有关摔角的连续性壁画，以及古希腊陶器上的运动员连续动作。中国的皮影戏则是最早用光影反映在布暮上的动画雏形。
ANIMATION CAMERA 动画摄影机
一种装有停顿马达的摄影机，可单格拍摄，拍摄时装在动画摄影台上，可垂直移动，以改变被摄影的影像大小，或产生变焦的效果。
ANIMATION SCHOOL OF VIOLENCE 暴力派动画
以闹剧或极端暴力的动作为主要喜剧要素的卡通片流派。这种卡通片以德克斯.艾佛瑞的作品为典型。
ANIMATION STAND 动画摄影台
泛指动画摄影师所使用的基本工作器材，包含一架动画摄影机，摄影机支架，以及一个精细构造的平台，以供拍摄动画作品。
ANIMATOR 动画设计
动画影片中负责绘制原画的工作人员。
ANSWER PRINT 校正拷贝
从剪辑完成的原底片印出的第一道有声拷贝，用于解答制片对影片的最后面貌所持的疑惑。
ANTAGONIST 反派角色；
反面力量电影或戏剧中与主角对立，使剧情产生戏剧性冲突的角色或力量。如《星球大战》（1977）中的黑武士，《北方的南努克》（1922）中的原始环境。ANTI-ABRASION COATION 保护胶片
制片时用于保护影片的薄胶片，以防止影片被划伤或其它损坏。
ANTICLIMAX 反高潮
在电影最后解决冲突时，没有出现观众所期待的情节，使观众感到失望的情节设计效果。如侦探经典作品《大沉睡》（1946）中，自始至终无人了解凶手是谁，就是反高潮的一种手法。
ANTIHERO 反英雄
电影、戏剧或小说中的一种角色类型。他们富有同情心，但以非英雄的形象出现，通常对社会、政治和道德采取冷漠、愤怒和不在乎的态度。《毕业生》（1967）中的达斯汀.霍夫曼和《安妮霍尔》（1975）中的伍迪.艾伦，是现代喜剧中反英雄典型。
APERTURE 片门 摄影机或放映机
镜头后的一个与底片规格相符合的框口，拍摄或放映时，每一个画格经过这个地方要停一下再走，完整地接受
曝光或投影出去。亦称 PICTURE GATE。
A－PICTURE A级片
源自美国1930年代的术语，用来指两部同时上映的影片中，品质较佳的那部电影，或是预期有大量观众群的电影。A级片中多半由大明星主演，而且相当讲究豪华的美术布景。
APPLE BOXES 垫脚箱
因在早期电影制作中，常用装苹果的木箱来解决演员或物体高度的问题，故将垫脚箱叫作苹果箱。
ARC LAMP 弧光灯
一种强光灯，由于色温与日光的色温相当接近，常被用来当作室外彩色摄影的照明。ARC SHOT 弧形运动镜头
摄影机以圆形或半圆形的运动所摄得的镜面。此类镜头可以为一个场面提供多变化的视觉层次。克劳德.李洛许在《男欢女爱》（1966）的结尾，便使用了此类镜头来捕捉重逢恋人的热烈拥抱。
AROMARAMA 香味电影
在电影放映时，为配合影片中的情节，可散发出香味的一种电影放映系统。最早的香味电影是《百老汇之歌》（1929）。
ART DIRECTION 美术设计
为影片造型进行设计和制作。通过布景、道具、服装等的设计，来创造画面造型、地方色彩、时代精神、民族色彩及人物造型等具有艺术感染力的银幕形象，是电影艺术中重要组成部门，在电影的分工上由美术指导负责。
ART DIRECTOR 美术指导；
艺术指导原指负责影片中布景设计的人。近来常被称为“制作设计”（PRODUCTION DESIGNER），负责协调灯光、摄影、特效、服装、道具、剪接各组人员的工作设计整体的视觉风格。
ART HOUSE 艺术电影院
指放映不属于商业主流电影的电影院。艺术电影院放映的影片，重视电影本身的品质，较不注重商业吸引力，如当代重要导演的影片、独立制片影片、影史的经典作品，及发行有限的前卫及实验电影。亦称 ART THEATER。
ART THEATER 艺术电影院
指放映不属于商业主流电影的电影院。艺术电影院放映的影片，重电影本身的品质，较不注重商业吸引力，如当代重要导演的影片、独立制片影片、影史的经典作品，及发行有限的前卫及实验电影。亦称ART HOUSE。ARTIFICIAL LIGHT 人工光
相对于自然光的灯光照明。
ASPECT RATIO 画面比例影像放映在银幕上的宽高比例。国际标准规格为1.33：1，遮幅宽银幕影片为1.85：1。
ASSEMBLE 顺片
剪接的第一道手续，剪接人员根据拍摄进度将每场景的待用镜头，依剧情顺序接成一条带子。接好的带子被称为粗剪拷贝，它可供精剪做基础。
ASSOCIATE PRODUCER 联合制片人；
策划 协助电影制片人制作影片的人。
ASTIGMATISM 像散性
摄影机镜头的一种缺陷，使入射光不能一致地集中焦点，导致影像变形。这种现象在画面的边缘特别明显。
ASYNCHRONISM
音画分立
指影片上的声音和影像不相符。主要是由于音画合成做得不精确而致，如演员的口形与所讲的话不相符（不对嘴）。但有时是为了特别的表现意图而刻意为之。ASYNCHRONOUS SOUND 非同步声
与影像不同步的声音。非同步声可以在声音和影像之间创造反讽，可以对情况进行嘲讽，更可以把不同的时空用种种有表现力的手法联结起来，使观众情绪更加投入。
AUDIENCE RATIING 卖座率
一种判断影片受不受观众欢迎的标准。
AUDIENCE SHARE 收视率
在某一地区范围内，收看某一电视节目家庭所占的比率。
AUDIMETER 自动播音记录器
用于1250个家庭中，调查家庭收视习惯的一种装置。AUDITION 试镜
用拍摄一段影片的方式，来决定某人是否适合当演员，或某演员是否适合于演出一部影片中的某个角色。
AVANT－GARDE 前卫电影
指在形式与内容皆超脱既有形态，带有实验色彩的电影流派。抽象电影、绝对电影、纯粹电影、地下电影等等都属于前卫电影。
BABY 宝贝
电影摄影机的昵称。
BABY DROP 小布景
一种小型的布景，通常置于一些布景的后面，例如在窗子外放一幅风景画或一张建筑物照片，而造成窗外别有天地的效果。
BABY SPOT 小型聚光灯
只有500－750瓦的聚光灯。
BACK LOT 露天片厂
片厂的露天区域，用来拍摄外景。
BACK PROJECTION 背面放映合成
以放映在银幕上的影像为背景，配合前景中的真人实物来摄制一个场面的方法之一，拍摄时，背景影像是从银幕后面放映出来的。
BACKGROUND MUSIC 背景音乐
电影声带上，伴随场景的音乐。可以是另外附加上去的配乐，也可以来自收音机等现场的音源，后者亦称“现场音乐”(SOURCE MUSIC)。BACKGROUND NOISE 环境音
为增加场景的真实程度，在声带上添加的不清晰人声和其它声音，如：街道杂声、人群扰叫声和交通噪音等。
BACKSTAGE MUSICAL 后台歌舞片
指将情节摆在以舞台维生的人物身上的一种歌舞影片。如《四十二街》（1933）。BAFFLE 1.隔音墙
录音间或摄影棚内使用的活动墙板，通常一面为吸音材料，另一面为隔音及反射材料。其作用是减少录音间内各音源之串音，或利用墙板两面不同的吸音特性，调整音源的音质。
2.羽形挡光板
装在灯具前的气窗式挡光板，用于在不改变色温的情况下调整光线的方向、控制光线的强度。
BARNEY 软式隔音罩
一种软性覆盖物，由数层绝缘材料制成，包在摄影机上，可降低录音时的噪音，并具有隔绝高温或低温的作用。
BASHER 手灯
一种小型多用途的摄影棚灯光，发光强度介于250到500瓦，可用为散光灯，也可用作聚光灯。
BELASCO
TENDENCY 贝拉斯柯风格
历史上用来形容舞台艺术中外观拟真的术语，引申指电影、戏剧的场景外观设计十分逼真。
BENSHI 辩士
无声电影时期，在日本电影里当场为观众讲解剧情的人。早期台湾电影院亦有此职。
BERLIN FILM FSETIVAL 柏林电影节
成立于1951年，每年仲夏举行，所颁发的最佳影片奖项为金熊奖。是全球四大国际电影节之一。
BICYCLING 跑片
指在电影拷贝有限的情况下，为了使几家戏院能同时放映同一部影片，经电影制片商授权，各戏院将放映时间错开，由跑片员骑自行车或摩托车来回运送单卷拷贝。如今也有人将备用拷贝称为跑片拷贝(BICYCLE PRINT)。
BIN 挂片桶
剪接室中的大开容器，用于剪接及看片时盛放未卷起的影片，通常由纤维材料制成，或在内层附上布袋，以减少影片磨损，上端悬有加钉子的木条或铁丝，在剪接时用来垂挂影片。
BIOGRAPHICAL FILM 传记影片 根据公众人物生平而拍摄的影
BIRD’S EYE VIEW SHOT 鸟瞰镜头
从被摄物的正上方直接摄下的镜头。
BIT PART 小配角
电影中的小角色，通常只有几句台词，或在电影中具有某一片刻的戏剧意义。亦称“特约演员”。
BLACK COMEDY 黑色喜剧
从悲观、恐怖、失望和痛苦的世界观显现幽默趣味的电影类型。如《奇爱博士》（1963），《二十二支队》（1970），《小姐撞到鬼》（1981）
BLACK MARIA 黑囚车摄影棚
世界上第一座电影摄影棚，1893年爱迪生建于新泽西实验室附近。
BLAXPLOITATION FILM 黑人剥削电影
美国1970年代针对黑人观众品味所拍摄的商业影片。这类影片在设计上多以黑人演员和高度煸情的故事，以及耸动强烈的犯罪情节和超人式的主角为主，代表作《黑豹》(1971)。
BLEACHING 漂白
指彩色片在冲洗阶段，显影后，将彩色底片上的显影药膜转为卤化物的过程。
BLEEDING 渗色
指影片上影像之间反差过大的区域产生色粒子扩散的一种现象。
BLIMP 隔音罩
一种消音装置，摄影机置于其中，可防止其发出的机械噪音在录音时被麦克风录进去。
BLIND－BIDDING 盲目投标
指在看不到影片试映的情况下，为一部影片的放映权进行买卖交易的行为。亦称“买片花”(BLOCK-BOOKING)。
BLOCK BUSTER 超级强片
指一种大制作影片，这种影片的特色是：投资大，明星多，场面壮观，制作水准高。
BLOCK－BOOKING 买片花
指好莱坞制片公司在开始投资和发展自己院线时，所采用的一种影片发行和租映的方式，放映商要购买某家制片公司的影片，就必须连带买下这家公司该年计划完成的其它影片。
BLOCKING 布局
电影画面构图中，对环境的布置、人物地位的调
度、人物之间的关系、人物和景物的关系等的安排。
BLOOM 喷雾减光在镜头或任何玻璃表面喷上特殊的透明剂，以减少光线的反射。
BLOOP 消音片
位于声带接合处的小块不透明胶片，以消除声带经过声音磁头时所发出的卟噜声。
BLUE COATING 蓝衣镜头
一层位于镜头表面的薄膜，呈蓝色，用于改善镜头传送光线的能力，并防止不必要的偏光和散光。
BLUE SCREEN PROCESS 蓝幕遮片合成
在摄影时，前景动作作衬空白的蓝色布幕，布幕的颜色和亮度必须足以使它在彩色底片上所产生的颗粒密度大于前景部分。拍摄完后，利用滤色的技术在暗房做出两条遮片，然后再与分开拍摄的背景动作进行合成。是运用十分普遍的一种特技摄影方式。
BODY MAKE－UP ARTIST 身体化妆师
负责除头、颈、手等部位化妆的化妆师。
BOMB 票房惨败
指卖座极差的大制作电影。如《埃及艳后》（1962）、《天国之门》(1980)。
BOOKING 买片排挡
电影发行商与戏院之间为一部影片的放映事宜而达成的合约协议，约明影片放映地点、放映次数、租借费用或票房收入扣除多少百分比等等条件。
BOOM 摄影机托架
一种类似起重机的活动装置，可让摄影机移入或越过场景，由不同的高度或角度连续拍摄单一动作或整段影片，使画面显得流畅而富于变化。
BOOSTER 1.增压器
用来提高摄影灯光电压伏数的一种发电机。
2.增感剂
一种特别强性的显影剂。
BOX OFFICE 票房
一部电影放映期间累计之总收入，亦称“GROSS”。
B－PICTURE B级片
指美国1930到1950年代，两部同时上映的影片中较差的影片。现一般指低成本或低品质的影片。BREAKDOWN 支配表 依场景和天次列出影片拍摄时所需事物的明细表。
BRIDGING SHOT 衔接镜头
用来掩饰时空跳跃或其它不连戏情形（与剧情不连续）的镜头。
BRIGHTON SCHOOL 布莱顿学派
成立于1900年英国的电影先驱团体，首创特技摄影和简单的蒙太奇，并实验各种彩色技术。
BRITISH FILM INSTITUTE 英国电影学院
1933年在英国政府和学院会员的赞助下成立，目前的经费由教育部列入预算。学院既是政府机构，也是私人会员的俱乐部。每年仿效奥斯卡颁发“英国电影金像奖”。
BRUTE 布鲁特灯
一种高强度的弧光灯，是摄影棚最常见的一种聚光灯。
CALIBRATION 刻度定位
（1）当镜头涉及距离或光线状况需渐进或突然改变时，在摄影机镜头上测量并记出焦距及光圈的位置。
（2）在动画制作中，刻度定位是指在背景上标定出每一格画面摄影机运动延伸程度的指示位置。CAMEO ROLE 客串演员
电影中出现时间短促但具有重要性的角色，.经常由
一位大牌演员来扮演，往往只出现在一场戏中。亦称“友情客串”。
CAMERA MOVEMENT 摄影机运动
指电影摄影机的运动，目的在于跟随一个动作，或改变被摄场景、人物或物体的呈现方式。
CAMERA OBSCURA 暗箱
一面有小孔的密封箱，箱外景物透过小孔，在完全黑暗的箱内壁上形成颠倒且两边相反的影像。是照相机的最早形式。
CAMERA OPERATOR 摄影师
也称“第二摄影师”，在拍摄时，依从导演和摄影指导的指示，实际操作摄影机。
CAMERA SPEED 摄影速度
指底片在电影摄影机中转动的速度，通常是以秒格数（fps）来计算，正常的摄影速度是一秒廿四格。
CAMERAMAN 摄影师
对操作电影摄影机的人的通称。有时亦指“摄影指导”(DIRECTOR OF PHOTOGTAPHY)。
CANDELA 烛光
发光强度的单位。
CANDID CAMERA 偷拍
一种拍片方法，指在真实状况中拍摄真实的人物，而被摄影者并不知道有人在拍摄他们。如《秋菊打官司》。
CANNES FILM FESTIVAL
坎城影展（台）戛纳电影节（大陆）康城影展(港)开始于1948年的法国小镇，每年五月举办，在国际影展中一直居于领导地位，所设立的最高奖项为金棕榈奖。除影片竞赛外，亦具有电影市场展的重要功能。
CAPION 提示字幕
冠于一场面或一段落前的一个标题或一段文字，旨在交待剧情，引发观众的兴趣与好奇心，或指示时间的消逝。现改称为插穿字幕（INSERT TITLE）。
CARBON－ARC LAMP 碳精灯
弧光灯的一种，利用两根碳精棒作为电极，通过电流产生电弧的照明工具。在电影方面，用作拍摄和放映影片的照明光源。
CARTOON 卡通片
动画电影的一种，详见ANIMATION
CARTRIDGE 匣式片盒
内装胶片或磁带的塑胶盒。所装的胶片和磁带，可以透过标准的电视接收器或电影放映机，再现高传真度的影像。
CASSETTE 卡式片盒
内装胶片以便将胶片嵌入摄影机的匣状物。
CAST
1.演员表 出现在一部影片中的演员，或是演员与剧中角色的对照表。
2.选角 为一部电影中的角色选派演员，亦称“CASTING”。
CASTING DIRECTOR 选角指导
负责为一部影片挑选和雇用演员的人。
CATWALK 栅顶鹰架摄影棚内的悬空支架结构，便于工作人员接近摄影棚上方的灯具和录音设备。CC FILTER 补色镜 COLOR COMPENSATING FILTER 的缩写，它由一系列不同颜色的镜片所组成，是冲印阶段调整整部电影统一色调的必备配件，偶尔也在拍摄时使用。
CEL，CELLULOID 透明片，赛璐璐 用以附着感光药膜的透明片基，通常是用硝酸纤维等原料制成。
CENSOR 电检人员 从事电影检查工作的人员。
CHANGE－OVER 换机放映
指在放映一部好几本的影片时，从一架放映机换
到另一放映机，使影片不致中断的手续。
CHANGING BAG 暗袋
一咱密不透光的双层黑袋，有两个袖口，手可以伸进去装卸底片。
CHARACTER ACTOR 性格演员
需要演员以成熟演技呈现独特性格的一种角色，通常并非主角，性格角色多半是由擅于诠释特殊类型，或戏路宽广的演员扮演。
CHARACTER，CHARACTERIZATIONS 角色人物
叙事电影中的虚构人物，有别于饰演他们的演员。
CHEAT 借位
为了在不同的角度拍摄同一个场景而把演员、道具和布景的相对位置加以改变。
CHINA PENCIL 剪接笔
剪接师使用的一种油性铅笔，可以在工作拷贝上做记录，特别是要做浓、淡等效果时，是剪接室必备的东西。
CHINESE DOLLY 斜式推轨
美国摄影棚惯用语，指摄影机一边向后拉，一边快速横摇拍摄，其推轨与被摄主体呈倾斜的角度。
CHOPSOCKY 功夫片
美式俚语，指港台于1970年代大量生产的功夫电影。
CINCH MARKS 拉痕
影片表面刮痕的一种，主要是由于影片卷得太紧，表面互相磨擦所造成的。
CINEASTE 电影人 指导演及电影创作人员。
CINEMA PUR 纯粹电影
实验电影的一种，指1920年代德国、法国前卫运动的初期作品。反对电影剧情和故事，提倡利用电影特性提供纯粹视觉和韵律经验。
CINEMA VERITE 真实电影
始于50年代欧洲的一种电影制作风格，包括手提式同步摄影机和录音机的使用，以及现场访谈和事件的摄影。通常会表达强烈、甚至激进的意见。
CINEMOBILE 摄影车
一种外景用车辆，可容纳所有电影设备以及五十名工作人员。
CINE－STRUCTUALISM 电影结构主义
利用符号学工具把社会学和人文科学方法动用到电影分析上的电影批评学派。CIRCARAMA 环幕电影
指使观众能在360度的水平视角内，观看四周宽广景象的360度大银幕放映系统。
CIRCUIT 院线
同一机构所拥有的连锁电影院，统一购买、排档所有戏院的影片。
CIRCUIT THEATER 院线戏院
属于同一机构的连锁电影院，放映的影片统一购买，统一排档。
CLIMAX 高潮
指戏剧或电影故事发展中,情绪张力最强的时候,通常一部电影或戏剧故事均有一个或一个以上的高潮.CLOSE SHOT近景
介于中景和特写之间的镜头。
CLOSE-UP 特写
经由近距离所拍摄的人或物的放大或细节描绘的镜头。
COLLAGE FILM 拼接影片
由不同的材料如拼贴图画一般拼凑而成的影片。
COLOR BALANCING 色温平衡
照明景物的光源与彩色胶片之间的色温协调关系。
COLOR CHART 色板
用彩色底片三层乳剂能感受的红、绿、蓝、黄、品红、青等颜色，加上从白到黑的中性灰色板组合起来，有系统排列的一种彩色图板。COLOR CORRECTION 调色
将特
定的色调加以改变。COLOR FILM 彩色影片
在银幕上能够还原被摄体自然色彩的影片。
COLOR TEMPERATURE 色温
表示辐射能所含光谱成分的一种计量方法。
COLUMBIA PICTURE 哥伦比亚电影公司
美国电影制作和发行公司，成立于1924年。
COMEDY 喜剧
指具有非悲剧性结局，并创造一个绝大多数观众都认为幽默的高潮戏的文学、戏剧性或电影作品。有闹剧、仿讽剧、神经喜剧等种类。
COMMEDIA DELL’ARTE 即兴喜剧
喜剧表演的一种即兴处理方式，源自盛行于十六世纪的意大利即兴喜剧团体。
COMMERCIAL FILM 商业电影
为营利而制作的影片，相对于艺术电影。
COMPILATION FILM 编辑电影
将大量为了其他目的拍摄的影片，即旧片的片段、家庭电影、新闻片等等，剪接在一起的电影。
COMPILATION FILM 编辑影片
由现成的资料重新编辑剪接而成的电影，主要以纪录片为主，目的在于宣传与教育。
COMPUTER ANIMATION 电脑动画
利用电脑产生的影像作出来的动画。
CONCEPTUAL MONTAGE 概念蒙太奇
透过不同镜头的组合以从中产生新意的一种剪接手法。
CONSEQUENCE FILM 推理片
表现以严密的逻辑推理侦破犯罪案件影片。
CONTINUITY 连戏
为了维持电影主题及故事的逻辑性发展，将相关的镜头、场景、段落组合成连续不断的影片。CONTINUITY CLERK 场记
拍摄电影的工作人员之一，职责是记录拍摄日志，确保影片的连戏。
CONTRIVANCE 公式化情节
指一种较机械性或固定模式的剧情设计。
CONVENTION 成规
指一种已被接受的戏剧元素，或风格化的处理方式，或题材类别。
COPTER MOUNT 高空摄影
机座 一种固定在直升机上，以供拍摄空中镜头的摄影机架座。
COSTUME DESIGNER 服装设计师
为影片演员设计服装的专业人员。
COSTUME FILM 古装片
指以古代生活或古代历史为题目材，银幕上的人物穿着古代服装的影片。
COSTUMER 服装师
影片拍摄期间，负责收集与保管服装的工作人员。
COVER SHOT 涵盖镜头
这确立场景中所有人物与空间的关系，以宽广的视角拍摄的镜头。
CRANE 摄影升降机
一种以轴动臂承载摄影机的大型有轮支撑机械。
CREATIVE GEOGRAPHY 创造性空间
蒙太奇的一种，指摄于不同地点的镜头经剪接后，呈现空间的同一性。如：《江水东流》（1920）
CROSS IN/CROSS OUT 入镜、出镜
指演员自画面的一边进场或朝画面的一边出场。
CROSS-CUT 交叉剪接
由一个动作线切到另一个。
CROSSCUTTING 交叉剪接
在影片中双线或多骊以展的情节或动作之间的剪接。如：《夜与雾》（1955）
CUE 提示讯号
一个被指定的讯号、动作、手势，或是一句台词，用来提示演员或技术
人员作某一动作的准备。
CUE CARD 提词卡
写有台词对白的大型厚纸板。
CULT MOVIE 次文化电影吸引某一个社会圈子的人，并标榜或启发某些特殊生活方式的电影。
CUT 切
将两段影片不经特殊处理（如溶、划）直接连在一起。
CUTAWAY 切出
在主戏中突然加入一个内容相关但非主要动作的镜头。
CUT-AWAY SHOT，CUT-AWAY，CA 旁跳
出现在主动作时，却不是主动作一部分的镜头。旁跳之前可以接演员望向画外的镜头，也可以显示演员在前一个镜头未注意的东西。例如，在一场追逐中，可插入一个牧场情况的镜头。
CUT-IN 切入
为了达到一定目的而插入某个动作或段落中的镜头。
CYCLES 循环动作
动画片表现多次重复进行的一个动作或一组动作所采用的技法。
DAY-FOR-NIGHT PHOTOGRAPHY 日光夜景
一种摄影技巧，指在白天拍摄夜晚的场景。
DE LUXE COLOR 特丽七彩
即采用伊士曼彩色底片拍摄，而由纽约特丽七彩冲印公司冲印的影片。
DEFINITION 清晰度
影像上各细部影纹及其边界的清晰程度。
DEFOCUS TRANSITION 出焦转场
一种转场方式，即转动镜头的焦点，直到整个场景变得完全模糊不清，转场之后，再重新入焦，以交代场景中时空变化。
DENSITY 密度
胶片经曝光冲洗后所形成的金属银或染料的量。
DEPTH OF FIELD 景深
感光胶片上形成清晰影像的景物深度。
DEPTH OF FOCUS 焦深 指摄影机内从镜头到底片平面之间的距离。
DIRECT CINEMA 直接电影一种现场拍摄、非虚构、细观的电影类型，使用轻型的摄影机和录音机，记录事件实际发生的状况，只用本身的声音。最早出自亚伯索斯。
DIRECT PHOTOGRAPHY 直接摄影
指现场动作在不因摄影机介入而受到影响的情况下所进行的拍摄作业。
DIRECTOR 导演
电影制作中，负责诠释及技术监督等艺术创造工作的人，除了在摄影机前指导演员动作和对白外，电影导演还需控制摄影机位置和运动、声音、灯光，以及其它形成电影最后面貌的元素。
DIRECTOR OF PHOTOGRAPHY 摄影指导
指拍摄影片时监督照明和摄影的人，主要是负责将编剧和导演的概念转化为真实的影像。
DISASTER FILM 灾难片
一种叙述一群人如何同心协力逃避一场人为或自然灾难的通俗剧电影类型。
DISSOLVE
溶 一种渐进的转场技巧，即在一个场景淡出时，另一个场景淡入。
DOCUDRAMA 纪录剧情片
指采用演员演出历史事件，而以纪录片的手法来表现出的一种电影类型。
DOLBY SOUND 杜比音响
由英国杜比实验室于1970年代发展出的电影节立体声系统。
DOUBLE 替身
代替主角演出，或以主角的地位演出的人。DOUBLE FEATURE 两片同映
观众以一张电
影票的代价，可以看到两部影片，其中一部通常在品质超群上优于另外一部。
DRIVE-IN THEATER 露天汽车电影院
第二次世界大战结束后在美国兴起的一种露天电影放映场所，可让观众坐在停驶的车上欣赏电影。
DRY RUN 现场排演
临拍摄前的完整排演工作，摄影组的工作人员也必须在排演中模拟实际拍摄状况。DUBBING 对白配音
影片在拍摄期间没有采取同步录音，而在影片剪接好之后才在录音室录制对白的配音工作。
EASTMAN COLOR 伊士曼彩色底片
美国伊士曼柯达公司所生产的一种多感光层彩色底片。
EDITING，CUTTING 剪接
影片拍摄完成后，依照电影剧情、结构的要求，将各个镜头的画面和声带，经过选择、整理和修剪，顺序地编接起来，成为一部结构完整、内容连贯的影片的过程。
EDITOR 剪接师
电影蒙太奇组合阶段负责剪接影片的人。
EPIC 史诗片
强调景观和大卡司，通常有著名历史或圣经情节的电影。由于强调视野，许多史诗片都是以各种宽银幕拍摄的。
EPIC DOCUMENTARY 史诗纪录片
一种新的纪录片形式，以其惊人的长度著名，结合了访谈和影片，尝试以其复杂度和广度，达到公正的目的。EXPRESSIONSION 表现主义
场景、剪接、灯光和服装充满奇想和扭曲，做为传达电影工作者和角色人物内感受的工具。
FANTASY FILM 幻想片
以想像、梦幻或幻觉中的时空为创作题材的电影类型。
FEATURE FILM 剧情片
通常指有虚构情节的故事性电影。
FILM NOIR 黑色电影
具有共同的电影风格与处理腐化等相关主题的一类影片，一般为都市场景。常用来指40、50年代好莱坞拍摄的具低调灯光与阴郁气氛的侦探或惊吓片。
FILMMAKER 电影工作者 制作电影的人，通常指导演
FLASH-BACK 倒叙
先交代故事的结局或某些关键性情节，再倒转回去具体叙述故事始末的叙述方法。
FLASH-FORWARD 预叙
在情节发展中批将来发生的事预先描述出来的叙述方法。
FLOW-OF-FILM 生活化影片
指剧情的发展包含偶发和即兴成分的影片。
FLUID CAMERA 运动摄影
指在拍摄一个镜头时，摄影机的持续性运动。
FOCUS PULLER 调焦员
摄影组的一分子，职责是在跟摄时高速镜头的焦距。
FOLLOW FOCUS 跟焦
指在拍摄一个镜头时，随着人物或物体趋近或远离摄影机而改变焦距，以使其保持在精确的焦点上。
FOLLOWING SHOT 跟拍镜头
随物体移动，保持物体在银幕空间的镜头。
FRAME 格
电影底片上的单一影像。
FRONT PRJECTION 前面放映合成
以放映在银幕上的影像为背景，配合前景中的真人真物来摄制一个场面的方法之一，拍摄时背景影像是自银幕的前方放映出来，使用的是定
向反射幕。
GAFFER 灯光指导
电影节拍摄现场的首席灯光人员。
GAGMAN 笑料编剧
擅于创作视觉和口头笑料的编剧。
GANGSTER FILM 盗匪片
一种电影类型，其故事、情节和成规，都围绕着歹徒的行动而发展，尤其在描写抢劫银行者及在法律之外动作的黑社会。
GENRE 类型电影
在风格、主题、结构，甚至角色型态上，表现出类似趣味的影片。如：美国的西部片、警匪片、歌舞片。
GLASS SHOT 玻璃接景法
以画在透明玻璃上的部分场景配合实景或搭制布景来合成一个画面的摄影方法。
GRIP 场务
杂务工，相当于舞台剧的剧务，工作包括铺设移动车的轨道、移动拍摄平台、架设高台、安置反光板和遮光幕、做简单的木工，以及其它需劳力的工作。
HAYS OFFICE 海斯办公室
威尔海斯主持“美国电影协会”（MOTION PICTURE ASSOCIATION OF AMERICA）时，协会的俗称。
HEAD-ON/TAIL-AWAY 转身过场
一种过场技巧，让演员或物体先向摄影机镜头移动，而后离开摄影机镜头。
HEAVY 坏蛋用以称呼电影中的坏人，通常是男性，其恶劣性格很容易为观众认出来。
HOLLYWOOD 好莱坞
美国加州洛杉矶市的一个区域，为美国电影和电视工业的中心，由戴妲魏尔克丝女士命名，原为一个大牧场。
HOLOGRAPHY 全息摄影
一种能记录被摄体的全部讯息，即光的振幅与位相的摄影方法。
HORROW FILM 恐怖片
一种电影类型，其情节集中在描写主要角色受到怪异惊人的事件的威胁。
HOT SPLICE 热接片法
一种接片的方法，利用胶水和接片机的接触压力，将两段影片连接起来。
IMAGIST FILM 意象派电影
运用一系列相关的意象，以制造一种气氛，或创造一种抽象概念的电影。
IN THE CAN 杀青
美式俚语，原意指拍好的底片，已经放在片盒中，准备送去冲洗。后指电影拍摄部分已经完成。
IN-CAMERA EDITING 镜头内剪接
拍摄电影时，利用摄影机的操作，直接在影片拍摄过程中进行如同剪接效果般的分镜拍摄方式。
INDEPENDENT FILMMAKING 独立制片
由未与商业片厂签约的个人发动的电影拍摄计划。
INFORMATION FILM 资讯影片
一种非剧情影片，拍摄目的在于传达讯息或观念，通常是围绕着特定的讯息重点来构思与制作。如：教学影片，工业影片等。
INTELLECTUAL MONTAGE 知性蒙太奇
经由剪接的镜头组合，以传达抽象或知性的概念。INTERLUDE 插曲
为影片中某一场面、某一情节中的人物而作，并不直接概括影片主题思想或基本内容的歌曲。也有的只为表现时代气氛、地方特征等。插曲一般在影片中不反复出现。
INVISIBEL EDITING，INVISIBLE CUT 看不见的剪接
演出者运动时的切接，不是经由
动作的重叠，就是使用两台摄影机，而后在剪接时连接动作。是一种传统好莱坞的叙事结构。
INVISIBLE CUTTING 无痕迹剪接
一种仔细依循电影连戏过程的剪接方式。其目的在于重建一个事件的全部过程，并将场面放在合乎它们本身需求的时间顺序中。
JUMP CUT 跳接
在一个镜头中，或两个镜头间，动作的快速前移，是由一部分影片的移去，或拙劣的影像连戏造成。
JUMP-CUT 跳接 影片中，将两个以上的镜头不按照时间顺序连接起来。
LEADER 导片
一段透明或全黑的胶片，通常用于剪接工作中，以利装片放映，和保护胶片。
LIP SYNC 对嘴
指对白与演员的嘴唇动作达到精确的同步效果。
LOCATION SHOOTING 外景拍摄
远离片厂的拍摄方式。
LOCATION SHOOTING 实景拍摄
在真实场景中拍摄一部电影或电影中的部分场景。
M。O。S。无声镜头
使用在剧本上的缩写，表示一个无声的镜头或场景。
MARQUEE 透光看板
悬立于电影院正门上方的搭盖物，旨在广告戏院上演的片子，或说明影片的某些细节。
MASTER SHOT，MASTER SCENE 主镜头，主场摄影机相当远地以远景或移动镜头拍摄一个段落的所有动作。拍摄完之后，如果只用一台摄影机，便要以中景和特定拍摄重复的动作，在剪接时插入主镜头中，MATCH ON ACTION 动作连戏
一种连戏剪接法，将相同动作但不同取镜角度的镜头，在动作的接点上剪接在一起而没中断的剪接法。
MELODRAMA 通俗剧以煽情的情节直接诉诸观众情绪，从而引发激情的一种电影、戏剧或电视节目形态。
METRO-GOLDWYN-MAYER 米高梅电影公司
一家美国电影制作公司，1924年由三家公司合并而成立。1970年，被拉斯维加斯的财团柯克柯可利安收购。
MINIMAL CINEMA 最低限电影
以极端简朴的电影手法来制作的一种电影。
MINIMAL FILM，MINIMAL CINEMA 极简电影
尝试将电影简化至其基本特性的一种实验电影的型态，将电影工作者的干预降至最低。
MOCK-UP 大模型；
局部模型 为了仿照实体而去建造的大型道具模型，或局部道具模型。
MODEL SHOT 模型镜头
以缩小的模型当实物来拍摄的镜头。
MONOPOLE 棚顶灯架
在摄影棚内，设置在棚顶可活动的伸缩吊灯架。
MONTAGE 蒙太奇
一种处理空间与时间的艺术手段，是电影制作过程中决定影像时空的中心技巧。
MONTAGE OF ATTRACTION 吸引力蒙太奇
苏联导演谢尔盖爱森斯坦1923年提出的一种创作观点。主张不在戏剧动作固有的逻辑框架内静态地反映事件，而把随意挑选的、各自独立的吸引力自由地加以组合，以非常的手段给观众带来震撼性的影响。
MONTAGE OF COLLISION 冲击蒙太奇
苏联导演谢尔
盖爱森斯坦在1920年所提倡的，重视镜头连接时，由不同镜头内部元素这相对性，所激发的冲突辩证效果。
MOOD MUSIC 情调音乐
专供影片用为背景音乐而制作的种种现成乐曲。
MOUNTAIN FILM 登山片
一种极力描述山景之美，并以登山者征服山岭过程为内容的电影类型。
MPAA 美国电影协会 MOTION PICTURE ASSOCIATION OF AMERICA。
是由好莱坞主要电影公司组成的一个对外代表该项工业的机构，并主持对好莱坞电影的电影尺度检查。
MUSIC TRACK 音乐声带
有别于对白声带和音效声带的一种电影声带。
MUSICAL FILM 歌舞片
把歌舞排场的成规并入影片故事中，且以乐曲为影片叙述既定要素的电影。如《花都舞影》（1951）、《我爱红娘》（1969）、《火爆浪子续完集》（1982）。
N。G。穿帮镜头
NO GOOD 的缩写。指一个镜头在拍摄的时候，由于表演或摄影上的差错，以致摄取的镜头无法使用，必须重新加以拍摄。
NARRATIVE MONTAGE 叙事蒙太奇
以交待情节、展示事件为主旨，按照情节发展的时间流程、逻辑顺序以及因果关系，来切分组合镜头、场面和段落，表现动作的连贯，推动情节的发展，引导观众理解剧情，的电影叙述方法，包括交叉剪接、平行剪接、一般连戏剪接等手法。
NEOREALISM，ITALIAN NEOREALISM 新写实主义，意大利新写实主义
第二次世界大战之后意大利知名的一种拍摄风格与电影内容。其特点在关怀人类对抗非人社会力的奋斗，以非职业演员在外景拍摄，从头至尾都以尖锐的写实主义来表达。
NEWSREEL 新闻片
纪实性电影短片的一种。
NON-CAMERA FILM 非摄影电影
底片不经摄影机感光而创造出来的电影。
NONFICTION FILM 非剧情片
不用捏造的情节或角色的电影。
NONTHEATRICAL FILM 非戏院电影
指针对特别观众制作，有限度发行的电影。
OFF CAMERA 画外 一个镜头中没有出现在画面上的东西。
OFF REGISTER 震动效果
画面因摄影机之震动而造成摇晃效果。
OFF SCENE 画外音
声源来自画面以外的声音。
PAN 横摇镜头
摄影机在定点上，对一场面作水平运动的拍摄方式。
PANTHEON DIRECTORS 殿堂导演
指那些技法成熟，并具有特殊现实透视力与宽阔人生视野的杰出导演。PARAMOUNT PICTURES CORPORATION 拉蒙电影公司
成立于1912年的一家美国电影制作和发行公司。
PERSUASIVE DOCUMENTARY 游说式纪录片
目标在游说观众接受某个观点的纪录片形式。
PG-RATED MOVIE 辅导级影片
美国电影分级中的一个级别。这种电影没有年龄限制，但小孩要有家长陪同观看。
PIRATED PRINT 海盗版
未经版权所有人或法定发行人同意，而进行翻制的影片拷贝。
PIXILATION 实体
动画
以人或实物为拍摄材料的一种动画影片。
PLAYBACK 配乐拍摄
歌舞片常用的一种拍摄方式。
PRESSBOOK 宣传资料
为发行影片而准备的广告和促销资料册子。
PROCESS CINEMATOGRAPHY 放映合成
以放映在银幕上的影像为背景，配合前景中的真实人物来进行拍摄作业的特技摄影，按背景影像的放映方式，又分为前面放映合成和背面放映合成。
PRODUTION 制作
电影工业三大分工项目之一：生产电影的过程。
PROPS 道具
为PROPERTIES的缩写，泛指场景中任何装饰、布置用的可移动物件。RATING 分级制
依据某种标准将影片加以分级的制度。美国的分级制由美国电影协会制订，包括四个等级：G级（普通级，年龄不限）、PG级（辅导级，年龄不限，但需有家长指导）、R级（限制级，十七岁以下的观众需有家长或成年监护人陪伴始得入场）、X级（十七岁以下观众禁止入场，年龄限制可视情况提高）。
英国的分级是由“英国电影检查委员会”（BRITISH BOARD OF FILM CENSORS）制订，分为：U级（普通级）、A级（需有家长指导）、AA级（十四岁以下青少年观众禁止入场）、X级（十八岁以下青少年观众禁止入场）。
READER 读稿员
电影公司编剧部门的职员，其工作是对可能为制作作来源的文字和戏剧材料厂加以阅读，并分出纲要，有时还要提出批评。
REALISM，REALISTIC FILM 写实主义，写实主义电影
运用剧本、表演、服装与摄影来达到动作逼真、非幻想的效果。
REALIST CINEMA 写实主义电影
一种以创造现实这真貌的电影风格，特色是呈现出人以及人的生活区环境，对一些寻常琐事，常不惮繁琐地细细表达。
RECORDIST 录音指导
在拍摄现场负责录音的技术人员，也称为“录音监督”。
RHYTHMIC MONTAGE 节奏蒙太奇
变化节奏，以之带动主题内涵的一种剪接技巧。
RUSHES 毛片
每天拍摄的影片在当晚冲印出来的正片拷贝，第二天早上供导演、制片、摄影师和相关的工作人员，检查并确定所拍的东西是否完整。
SCENE 场，场景
由单一镜头或数个镜头组成的戏剧单位。
SCIENCE-FICTION FILM 科幻片
电影类型的一种，其特色的情节包含了科学奇想。乔治里叶的《月球之旅》是电影史上最早的一部科幻片。
SCREWBALL COMEDY 神经喜剧
始于1930年代的一种美国剧情片，特点是嘲讽、性坦白、罗曼史、滑稽突梯之情境，以来自不同社会阶层可爱的人物为号召，并涉及动作激烈的事件。
SCREWBALL COMEDY 脱线喜剧 在1930年中期出现的一处美国喜剧电影，描述的往往是荒唐绝伦、体编统尽失的家庭冲突或爱情冲突。
SCRIPT 电影剧本
泛指以文字描述整部影片的人物和动作
内容，所采取的各种写作形式。
SETTING 场景
整部或部分电影的拍摄场地。
SHADOW PLAY 皮影戏
在一张半透明的布幕或纸幕背后，操作平面的皮革道具，利用灯光在幕上形成的剪影进行表演的一种艺术表演。最早起源于中国，是电影发明前的活动光影响到影像。
SHOOTING SCRIPT 分镜剧本
亦称为“导演剧本”，包含动作、对白，以及导演和摄影师的重要工作资料之剧本。
SHOT 镜头 摄影机单一一次的开机，也指开机所拍摄下来的那段影片。
SLATE 场记板
上面以粉笔写着场次、镜次、导演、片名、影片公司等资料的小木板，上缘还附有一段拍扳，上涂黑白相间条纹，一端可以开合，可以拍出清楚响声，以便剪接时声画同步作业的进行。
SOAP OPERA 肥皂剧
滥情的广播连续剧或电视连续剧。
SOUND BOOM 麦克风杆
一支供悬挂麦克风用的杆子，可延伸至场景上空随人或物之移动而移动。
SOUND EFFECTS 音效
为增进一场面之真实感、气氛或戏剧讯息，而加于声带上的杂音或声音。
SOUND TRACK 声带
位于有声影片边缘的光学声轨或磁性声轨，可承载对白、旁白、音乐和音效。
SPECIAL EFFECTS 特殊效果
不是以直接的电影拍摄技巧获取的镜头。包括需要使用轮廓遮幕、多重影像蒙太奇、分割银幕、画面渐量、模型等技巧的镜头。也应用于爆破、弹道效果和机械效果。SPECTACLE 大场面电影
具备华丽之美术而设计、史诗主题和雄伟场面等特色之电影。如：《宾汉》（1962）、《星际大战》（1977）、《窈窕淑女》（1964）、《大地震》（1975）。SPLICE 接合
接合两段影片的动作--使用的方法包括：粘合、接合、贴胶带，或以钉子或扣眼处理，亦指影片交叠或接合的部分。
SQUIB 枪击效果
电影制作中的一种引爆装置，用来模拟中弹的状况。
STAND IN 定位替身在安排布景、设定摄影机位置、测光、调整灯光等繁琐过程中，暂时代替明星站在表演位置上的人。
STAR SYSTEM 明星制度
透过强调领衔主演的演员而非影片的其他成分的宣传，来吸引观众的制度。
STILL 定格
电影镜头运用的技巧手法之一。其表为银幕上映出的活动影像骤然停止成为静止画面（呆照）。
STILLS 剧照
为了促销而自一电影场面中拍下来的，或从影片画面上取下的照片。
STRAIGHT MAN 搭档谐星
在银幕上，以搭档方式演喜剧的谐星。
STRUCTURAL FILM，PERCEPTUAL FILM 结构电影，知觉电影
使用或慢或快的摄影机运动、重复配音、极长的伸缩镜头、闪烁的影像或拍摄银幕上放映的影像的电影，目的在探讨电影媒体的结构。
STUDIO FILM 片厂电影
在摄影棚内搭景拍摄而非实景拍摄
的影片。
STUNTMAN 特技演员
被雇用来替代电影演员表演需要特别体能、体力的技术动作或危险动作的人。
SUBJECTIVE TIME 主观时间
影片角色所经验或感觉的时间，经由摄影机运动和剪接来表现。
SUBTITLES 翻译字幕
即印于影片下沿的对白翻译。SUN GUN 太阳灯
一种可携带的手持轻电池灯具。
SURREALIST FILM 超现实主义电影
现代电影的一种运动，1920年兴起法国，主要是将意象做特异、不合逻辑的安排，以表现潜意识的种种状态。
SUSPENSE FILM 悬疑片
情节使人对主要人物的命运引起关切，而造成高度焦虑和紧张感的一种电影类型。
TAIL 尾片白片
一卷影片末端所接的一段不透明胶片，以确保影片完整的放映到最后一格，也对影片有保护作用。
TALENT SCOUT 星探
指专事发掘那些具电影表演才能，而且有可能成为明星的伯乐。
TEASER 片头，开场戏指放在电影片头字幕前的一场戏，旨在引导观众对以后故事的兴趣。
THRILLER 惊悚片
以侦探、神秘事件、罪行、错综复杂的心理变态、或精神分裂状态为题材的一种电影类型。
TIMING 动作时机
在一场戏里头，导演或演员为达成某种节奏或其它效果，而对戏剧动作的表演时机特意去加以掌控之意。
TITLES 字幕
附加在影片上的种种文字，如影片的片名、演职员表、唱词、译文、对白、说明词以有人物介绍、地名和年代等。
TRAILER 预告片
将精华片段，经过刻意安排剪辑，以便制造出令人难忘的印象，而达到吸引人的效果的电影短片。
TRAVELOGUE 观光影片
以各种有趣的风土民情为题材的一种纪录片。
TREATMENT 故事剧本
电影剧本的一种摘要，在内容上包括了完整的故事情节发展，全部的主要场景，1、电影工业Film industry
cinematograph 电影摄影机, 电影放映机
cinema, pictures 电影院(美作:movie theater)
first-run cinema 首轮影院
second-run cinema 二轮影院
art theatre 艺术影院
continuous performance cinema 循环场电影院
film society 电影协会,电影俱乐部(美作:film club)
film library 电影资料馆
premiere 首映式
film festival 电影节
distributor 发行人
Board of Censors 审查署
shooting schedule 摄制计划
censor’s certificate 审查级别
release 准予上映
banned film 禁映影片
A-certificate A级(儿童不宜)
U-certificate U级
X-certificate X级(成人级)
direction 导演
production 制片
adaptation 改编
scenario, screenplay, script 编剧
scene 场景
exterior 外景
lighting 灯光
shooting 摄制
to shoot 拍摄
dissolve 渐隐,化入,化出
fade-out 淡出
fade-in 淡入
special effects 特技
slow motion 慢镜头
editing, cutting 剪接
montage 剪辑
recording, sound recording 录音
sound effects 音响效果
mix, mixing 混录
dubbing 配音
postsynchronization 后期录音合成 studio 制片厂,摄影棚
(motion)film studio 电影制片厂
set, stage, floor 场地
properties, props 道具
dolly 移动式摄影小车
spotlight 聚光灯
clapper boards 拍板
microphone 麦克风,话筒
boom 长杆话筒
scenery 布景
2、电影摄制filming shooting
camera 摄影机
shooting angle 拍摄角度
high angle shot 俯拍
long shot 远景
full shot 全景
close-up, close shot 特写,近景
medium shot 中景
background 背景
three-quarter shot 双人近景
pan 摇镜头
frame, picture 镜头
still 静止
double exposure 两次曝光
superimposition 叠印
exposure meter 曝光表
printing 洗印
3、影片类型films types
film, motion picture 影片,电影(美作:movie)
newsreel 新闻片,纪录片
documentary(film)记录片,文献片
filmdom 电影界
literary film 文艺片
musicals 音乐片
comedy 喜剧片
tragedy 悲剧片
dracula movie 恐怖片
sowordsmen film 武侠片
detective film 侦探片
ethical film 伦理片
affectional film 爱情片
erotic film 黄色片
western movies 西部片
film d’avant-garde 前卫片
serial 系列片
trailer 预告片
cartoon(film)卡通片,动画片
footage 影片长度
full-length film, feature film 长片
short(film)短片
colour film 彩色片(美作:color film)
silent film 默片,无声片
dubbed film 配音复制的影片,译制片
silent cinema, silent films 无声电影
sound motion picture, talkie 有声电影
cinemascope, CinemaScope 西涅玛斯科普型立体声宽银幕电影,变形镜头式宽银幕电影
cinerama, Cinerama 西涅拉玛型立体声宽银幕电影,全景电影
title 片名
original version 原著
dialogue 对白
subtitles, subtitling 字幕
credits, credit titles 对原作者及其他有贡献者的谢启和姓名
4、奥斯卡奖英文表达法
Best Picture最佳影片
Best Director最佳导演
Best Actor最佳男主角
Best Actress最佳女主角
Best Supporting Actor最佳男配角
Best Supporting Actress最佳女配角
Best Animated Feature Film最佳动画长片
Best Foreign Film最佳外语片
Best Makeup最佳化妆奖
Best Original Score最佳配乐奖
Best Original Song最佳音乐
Best Animated Short Film最佳动画短片
Best Live Action Short Film最佳真人短片
Best Sound Editing最佳音效剪辑
Best Sound Mixing最佳音响效果
Best Visual Effects最佳视觉效
Best Writing(Adapted Screen play)最佳改编剧本
Best Art Direction最佳艺术执导
Best Cinematography最佳摄影
Best Costume Design最佳服装设计
Best Film Editing最佳剪辑
Best Documentary最佳纪录片
Best Documentary Shor
tSubject最佳纪录短片
Honorary Academy Award终身成就奖
film industry 电影工业
cinematograph 电影摄影机, 电影放映机
cinema, pictures 电影院(美作:movie theater)
first-run cinema 首轮影院
second-run cinema 二轮影院
art theatre 艺术影院
continuous performance cinema 循环场电影院
film society 电影协会,电影俱乐部(美作:film club)
film library 电影资料馆
premiere 首映式
film festival 电影节
distributor 发行人
Board of Censors 审查署
shooting schedule 摄制计划
censor’s certificate 审查级别
release 准予上映
banned film 禁映影片
A-certificate A级(儿童不宜)
U-certificate U级
X-certificate X级(成人级)
direction 导演 production 制片 adaptation 改编
scenario, screenplay, script 编剧 scene 场景 exterior 外景
lighting 灯光 shooting 摄制 to shoot 拍摄
dissolve 渐隐,化入,化出 fade-out 淡出 fade-in 淡入
pan 摇镜头
frame, picture 镜头
still 静止
double exposure 两次曝光
superimposition 叠印
exposure meter 曝光表
printing 洗印
影片类型films types
film, motion picture 影片,电影(美作:movie)
newsreel 新闻片,纪录片
documentary(film)记录片,文献片
filmdom 电影界
literary film 文艺片
musicals 音乐片
comedy 喜剧片
tragedy 悲剧片
dracula movie 恐怖片
sowordsmen film 武侠片
detective film 侦探片
ethical film 伦理片
affectional film 爱情片
erotic film 黄色片
western movies 西部片
film d’avant-garde 前卫片
serial 系列片
trailer 预告片
cartoon(film)卡通片,动画片
footage 影片长度
full-length film, feature film 长片
short(film)短片
colour film 彩色片(美作:color film)
silent film 默片,无声片
dubbed film 配音复制的影片,译制片
silent cinema, silent films 无声电影
sound motion picture, talkie 有声电影
cinemascope, CinemaScope 西涅玛斯科普型立体声宽银幕电影,变 形镜头式宽银幕电影
cinerama, Cinerama 西涅拉玛型立体声宽银幕电影,全景电影
title 片名
original version 原著
dialogue 对白
subtitles, subtitling 字幕
credits, credit titles 对原作者及其他有贡献者的谢启和姓名
telefilm 电视片
演员actors
cast 阵容
film star, movie star 电影明星
star, lead 主角
double, stand-in 替身演员
stunt man 特技替身演员
extra, walker-on 临时演员
character actor 性格演员
regular player 基本演员
extra 特别客串
film star 电影明星
film actor 男电影明星
film actress 女电影明星
support 配角
util 跑龙套
工作人员technicians
adapter 改编
scenarist, scriptwriter 脚本作者
dialogue writer 对白作者
production manager 制片人
producer 制片主任
film director 导演
assistant director 副导演,助理导演
cameraman, set photographer 摄影师
assistant cameraman 摄影助理
property manager, propsman 道具员
art director 布景师(美作:set decorator)
stagehand 化装师
lighting engineer 灯光师
film cutter 剪辑师
sound engineer, recording director 录音师
script girl, continuity girl 场记员
scenario writer, scenarist 剧作家
放映projection
reel, spool(影片的)卷,本
sound track 音带,声带
showing, screening, projection 放映
projector 放映机
projection booth, projection room 放映室
panoramic screen 宽银幕
关于原版电影的！
1....Presents 出品
2....Production, A Production of...摄制
3.A...Film 制片人
4.Director, Directed by, A Film by 导演
5.Screenplay by
编剧
6.Based on a Story by 原著
7.Produced by 制片
8.Executive Producer 执行制片
9.Production Manager 制片主任
10.Director of Photography 摄影
11.Music by 音乐
12.Sound Effect 音响效果
13.Sound Mixer 声音合成
14.1st Assistant Director 首席助理导演
15.Casting by 选派演员
16.Cast of Characters 演员表
17.Starring 主演
18.Costumer Designer 服装设计
19.Art Director 美术
20.Editor 剪辑
21.Set Designer 布景设计
22.Property Master
道具
23.Gaffer 灯光
24.Key Grip 首席场务
25.Dolly Grip 轮架场务
26.Best Boy 场务助理
27.Make Up 化妆
28.Hairdresser 发型
29.Stunt Coordinator 特技协调
30.Visual Effects 视觉效果
31.Title 字幕
32.Set Decorator
布景
33.Script Supervisor 剧本指导
Academy Awards（奥斯卡奖项）
提起奥斯卡颁奖典礼，众所周所，这个世界级的电影奖项都包括哪些奖项呢？
1.Costume Design
服装设计
2.Actor in a Supporting Role 男配角
3.Make up 化妆
4.Art Direction 艺术指导
5.Live Action Short Film 纪实短片
Animated Short Film 动画短片
6.Sound Effects Editing 音响效果剪辑
7.Sound 音响
8.Actress in a Supporting Role 女配角
9.Cinematography 摄影
10.Film Editing 剪辑
11.Visual Effects 视觉效果
12.Documentary Short Subject 记录短片
Documentary Feature 记录长片
13.Foreign Language Film 外语片
14.Lifetime Achievement 终身成就
15.Original Musical or Comedy Score 音乐（喜剧）
Original Dramatic Score 音乐（戏剧）
16.Original Screenplay 原著剧本
Screenplay Adaptation 剧本改编
17.Original Song 歌曲
18.Director 导演
19.Actress in a leading Role 最佳女主角
20.Actor in a leading Role 最佳男主角
21.Picture 影片
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