第一篇：情态

高中英语写作技巧指导—组句成文篇教学反思

英语写作是英语教学目标任务之一，要求学生要有扎实的基本功，并具备一定的观察、审题、想象、表达和创新的能力。但是因为写作教学本身较难操作，导致其一直是高中英语教学中最薄弱和最容易被忽视的环节。作为高中英语教师，我们应清醒地认识到：搞好高中英语基础写作教学对提高学生英语整体水平有积极的促进作用，能极大的增强学生的自信心，教师应在三年的教学中引导学生对英语基础写作予以高度重视，并通过平时的教学有目的地进行写作训练。

一、作文中存在的典型问题

目前大部分学生的写作能力不理想，主要存在的问题有：

1、基本格式使用不规范。如：写信时，学生容易忘记写结束语及署名；写发言稿时，很多同学不知道要写Thank you for your listening/attention之类的话。

2、各种词性使用不清，体现在名词和动词，形容词和副词上，介词和冠词使用不正确。如，a old man;Internet slang is full of wisdom and humorous;Lily is studing hardly;by this way（用这种方式）

3、单词拼写错误，人称和时态错用和混用，人称代词不清，谓语动词及动词的各种形式表达不准确，主要表现在非谓语形式的使用上。写writing时因受written的影响而写成writting;world写成word;read写成readed„

4、中文式英语严重，标点符号和大小写乱用，英语作文中学生们也习惯像写中文作文一样把一个意思表达完后才打句号，殊不知英语中两个独立的句子中间就要使用句号。如：I am a senior three student, I will be 18 years old in 2025, being good at English, I think I can do well in communicating with foreigners„„

5、句型结构单一或错用，不能准确使用复合句表达。如：

There are some students support the idea.He was late.Because his mother is ill.Because she comes from the country, so she doesn’t know much knowledge about computer.6、文不对题，要点叙述杂乱或遗漏要点，语句间的连接、过渡和照应不恰当、分段不合理。

7、单词移行不符合规则。

8、卷面不整洁和书写差也是导致扣分的一个原因。

二、训练方法

基础英语写作训练应以培养学生创新能力为目的，平时的学习应该结合学生实际情况，所选训练的内容应贴近生活，为学生所熟悉或感兴趣或为社会热点话题，使学生有话可写，有感可发，如：Whether should students take physical exercise? , Mobile phones at school, Shopping on the Internet, Play computer games, Protect the environment等等。“万丈高楼平地起”，抓好英语写作首先需要学生端正学习态度，在老师的指导下具体过好以下几个关：

（一）单词关

单词记忆一直是学生头痛的问题，普遍反映“记了忘”。老师可以指导学生使用以下方法进行记忆：

1、音标记忆法：每天记5个或10个，这样日积月累，三年下来他们会拥有远远超过大纲要求的单词量，并且很容易避免出现认识却不会读的“哑巴英语”现象；

2、睡前记忆法：建议学生把睡觉前的一点时间花在记单词上，这也是很好的方法；

3、主题记忆法：如：食物类、动物类、植物类、身体部位类、运动类等，这样可以弥补枯燥记忆的不足。

4、构词法记忆：此法可以帮学生在记忆单词时节省很多时间和精力，学生们应掌握基本的前后缀和合词法。如：eco-表生态；dis-表“否定”、“相反”、“分离”、“除去”„

（二）句子关

有些学生到高三都没有搞清楚句子的成分，在英语上花了时间，下了功夫却不见效，学生痛苦，老师看着也着急。句子是文章的基本单位，学会句子的使用是学好英语写作的关键，学生应首先掌握五种基本句型，搞清楚主语和谓语，强化训练常用的宾语从句，定语从句和状语从句的使用，以免受汉语表达习惯的影响从而写出中文式英语，此外学生还应正确使用There be 句型，感叹句，祈使句和倒装句以及一些特殊句型，如There is no point/sens教学设计,教学反思,工作计划,工作总结-烛光漫步http://www.feisuxs/原文地址http://www.feisuxs/Article/Article.asp?nid=24756e doing sth;It’s likely that „„；等，恰当使用一些固定搭配，如：be doing „„when„„； would rather„„than„„； not only„„but also „„，善用复合句，注意“虽然„„但是„„”及“因为„„所以„„”的英语表达，使学生能在作文时万无一失。

（三）课文关

要过写作关老师和学生都要充分利用好课文，课文中体裁广泛，文字优美，语言地道，题材广泛。教师不妨借助这些内容进行写作训练，如改写，续写，给关键词复述，另外学生也可以模仿课文的思路，结构，情景和句子进行写作训练，除此之外还应加强朗读和背诵——“熟读唐诗三百首，不会作诗也会吟。”平时多读多背好文章，好句子，写作时就会有话可说，就知道一个意思怎样表达才最规范，最准确，最地道。在平时的阅读中学生也可把一些优美的句子归纳成册，进行背诵，以便写作时能语出惊人。

（四）连贯关

在以上基础上，学生应适当掌握常用语篇连接词。如表列举：first（ly），second（ly），for one thing, for another, first of all, next„表示原因：because of, so that, thanks to, since, as„ 表递进：in addition, what’s more, besides„表条件：if, unless, as long as„表总结：in short, in a word, to sum up„等，利用好过渡词和总结性词，把有关的要点和句子连接成文，避免句子结构的单调重复，做到层次清楚，衔接自然，这样能帮助学生理清文章思路，密切句子间的逻辑关系。

三、本节课教学思路

在上节课的基础上，通过讲授一些写作技巧，帮助学生运用多样化的句式、词汇、连接词，对五个基本句子进行扩展、延伸和变化。通过训练，使学生熟悉丰富句子的一些技巧，并要求他们掌握这些技巧，努力运用于以后的写作训练中，使它们更靓！

Writing strategies:

一、How to improve your English sentences.Complete the sentences with non-predicate

1._________the news, they got excited.2.__________________many times, he still repeated the mistake.3.Unless ________to speak, you should keep silent at the meeting.Improve the sentences with inversion

1.Child as/though he is, he knows a lot.2.On the wall is a notice saying “Please Save Water”。

Improve the sentences with different kinds of sentence patterns

我碰巧遇见他的叔叔。

① I happened to meet his uncle.② I chanced to see his uncle.③ I met with his uncle.④ I came across his uncle.⑤ I ran across his uncle.⑥ It（so）happened that I saw his uncle.⑦ It chanced that I met his uncle.二、How to use the complicated words

三、How to use different conjunctions

四、教学反思

通过本节课的教学，基本完成了预期的目标，但由于学生的基础较差，所以还有待以后进一步复习巩固。我的体会是：写作训练应该遵循由易到难，由少到多，由课本到课外，由慢到快的循序渐进的原则，坚持不懈地挖掘写作素材，积累词句，培养语感，创造性的写作，直到写出亮点，写出文采，最后提高英语整体水平。

第二篇：情态动词教案

情态动词

1.概念: 情态动词: 表示说话者的某些观点或态度的词语.如 “能” , “或许” , “必须” , “需要” , “应该” 等.2.情态动词主要有: can, may, must, need, should, … 这些情态动词后面 + 动词原形.3.用法

① can ⑴ 表示能力,意为”能, 会”.如:

eg: I can play basketball.我会打篮球.---Can you play basketball ? 你会打篮球吗?---Yes, I can./ No, I can’t.是的, 我会./ 不, 我不会.⑵ 表示怀疑、猜测，常用 be 连用, 放在否定句和疑问句中。如：

eg: He can’t be in the room.他一定不在房间里.⑶ 表示请求或允许, 多用于口语中, 意为”可以”, 相当于 may.如:

eg: You can go now.你现在可以走了.② could ⑴ 是can 的过去式, 表示过去的能力.如:

eg: I could swim when I was a child.当我还是一个小孩子的时候我就会游泳了.⑵ couldn’t: “不能” 用could 提问肯定和否定回答分别用 could, 和 couldn’t.如:

eg:---Could you skate last year? 你去年会滑冰吗?

---Yes, I could./ No, I couldn’t.是的, 我会./ 不, 我不会.③ may ⑴ 表示推测, 意为“可能;或许” 用于肯定句中.eg: He may be a teacher.他或许是一个老师.⑵ 表示请求、许可，意为”可以” 如: eg:---May I borrow your book? 我可以借你的书吗?

---Yes, you can./ No, you mustn’t.是的, 可以./ 不, 你你禁止借书.注意: 当由may 来提问的时候, 肯定回答我们用Yes, you can.否定回答用 No, you mustn’t.④ must ⑴ 表示“必须、应该“；

eg: You must do your homework.你必须做作业.⑵ 表示推测, “一定” 常与be 动词连用.eg: He must be in the classroom.他一定在教室.⑶ must + not = mustn’t 禁止

eg: You mustn’t smoke.禁止吸烟.⑷ must 放于句首提问, 肯定回答Yes, you must.否定回答 No, you needn’t.⑸ must 与 have to 的区别：

must强调主观的看法．

have to 强调的是客观因素． eg: I must do my homework.我必须做作业．（个人看法）

I have to go home now, because my mother is ill.我不得不回家，因为我妈妈病了．（客观原因所导致）

⑤ need ⑴ 作情态动词使用后跟动词原形.You needn’t come here so early.⑵ 作实义动词使用后接to do, He needs to drink some water.他需要喝些水.变否定句: He doesn’t need to drink any water.变疑问句: Does he need to drink any water? Yes, he does./ No, he doesn’t.⑥ should “应该” 一般指应尽的某种义务．

eg: As a student, we should finish our homework.作为一个学生，我们应该完成作业．

练习：

（）1.Mr Wang ______ be in Nanjing now, he went to Beijing only this morning.A.mustn’t

B.may not

C.can’t

D.needn’t（）2.–Must I saty at home, Mum?

--No, you ______.A.needn’t

B.mustn’t

C.don’t

D.may not（）3.–Can you go swimming with us this afternoon?

--Sorry, I can’t.I _____ take care of my little sister at home because my mother is ill.A.can

B.may

C.would

D.have to（）4.–May I go to the cinema, Mum?--Certainly.But you ______ be back by 11 o’clock.A.can

B.may

C.must

D.need（）5.To make our city more beautiful, rubbish ______ into the river.A.needn’t be thrown

B.mustn’t be thrown

C.can’t throw

D.may not throw（）6.–May I go out to play basketball, Dad?--No, you ______.You must finish your homework first.A.mustn’t

B.may not

C.couldn’t

D.needn’t（）7.–Where is Jack, please ?

--He _____ be in the reading room.A.can

B.need

C.would

D.must（）8.–Who is the man over there? Is it Mr Li?

--No, it ______ be him.Mr Li is much taller.A.musn’t

B.may not

C.can’t

D.needn’t

（）9.These books ______ out of the reading room.You have to read them here.A.can’t take

B.must be taken

C.can take

D.mustn’t be taken（）10.–Mum, may I watch TV now?

--Sure, but you ______ help me with my housework first.A.can

B.may

C.must

D.could（）11.The boy said he had to speak English in class, but he ______ speak it after calss.A.could

B.didn’t have to

C.might

D.shouldn’t（）12.–Must we hand in the papers now?

--No, you ______.A.can’t

B.may not

C.mustn’t

D.needn’t（）13.John ______ go there with us tonight, but he isn’t very sure about it.A.must

B.can

C.will

D.may（）14.Even the top students in our class can’t work out this problem.So it ______ be very difficult.A.can

B.may

C.must

D.need（）15.Put on more clothes.You ______ be feeling cold with only a shirt on.A.can

B.could

C.would

D.must（）16.It’s still early.You ______.A.mustn’t hurry

B.wouldn’t hurry

C.may not hurry

D.don’t have to hurry（）17.–May I stop here?

--No, you ______.A.mustn’t

B.might not

C.needn’t

D.won’t（）18.A computer ______ think for itself, it must be told what to do.A.can’t

B.couldn’t

C.may not

D.might not（）19.–Could I borrow your dictionary?

--Yes, of course you _______.A.might

B.will

C.can

D.should（）20.Peter ______ come with us tonight, but he isn’t very sure yet.A.must

B.may

C.can

D.will（）21.Michael ______ be a policeman, for he’s much too short.A.needn’t

B.can’t

C.should

D.may（）22.______ I know your name?

A.May

B.Will

C.Shall

D.Must（）23.You ______ be more careful next time.A.have to

B.may

C.must

D.might（）24.You ______ miss the lesson, though we ______ have it on Thursday.A.mustn’t;needn’t

B.needn’t;mustn’t

C.mustn’t;mustn’t

D.needn’t;needn’t（）25.This pen looks like mine, yet it isn’t.whose ______ it be?

A.must

B.may

C.would

D.can（）26.What kinds of homes will we live in the future? Nobody ______ be sure, but scientists are working out new ideas now.A.will

B.may

C.can

D.must（）27.I ______ like to know where you were born.A.shall

B.should

C.do

D.may（）28.______ you be happy!

A.Might

B.Must

C.Wish

D.May（）29.A teacher ______ do every exercise, but a student must.A.may not

B.needn’t

C.can’t

D.mustn’t（）30.The matter ______ be changed into a gas, but it _______ be heated to its boiling point.A.may;needn’t

B.may;can

C.mustn’t;needn’t

D.can;must（）31.Teachers and students ______ look coldly at you for a day or two, but there are friendly feelings in their hearts.A.must

B.can

C.may

D.should（）32.Cars and buses ______ stop when the traffic lights turn red.A.can

B.need

C.may

D.must（）33.–Do you think his story ______ true?--I don’ think so.But it sounds good.A.must be

B.may be

C.can be

D.has to be（）34.Look out!The knife is very sharp.You ______ cut your finger.A.need

B.must

C.should

D.may（）35.–How long ______ the book be kept?

--For two weeks, but you ______ return it on time.A.can;may

B.may;need

C.can;must

D.must;need（）36.– May I have an apple, Mum?

--Certainly.But you ______ wash your hands first?

A.may

B.must

C.can

D.need（）37.–There is a lot of smoke coming out of the teaching building there.--Really? It ______ be a fire, most probably.A.can

B.ought to

C.may

D.must（）38.–Shall I tell John about the bad news?

--No, you ______.I think that will make him sad.A.needn’t

B.wouldn’t

C.shouldn’t

D.mustn’t（）39.–Could I call you by your first name?

--Yes, you ______.A.will

B.could

C.may

D.might（）40.–Let’s go to the cinema, shall we?

--_______.A.No, I can’t

B.Yes, I will

C.Yes, thank you

D.No, we’d better not（）41.--______ the man over there be our new teacher?

--He ______ be, but I’m not sure.A.May;mustn’t

B.Can;may

C.Must;can’t

D.Can;can’t（）42.–Someone is knocking at the door.Who ______ it be?

--It ______ be Tom.He is still in the school.A.can;can’t

B.can;mustn’t

C.might;could

D.might;may（）43.Lily finished _______ the book yesterday.A.read

B.reading

C.to read

D.reads（）44.Susan’s parents have bought a large house with a swimming pool.It _______ be very expensive.A.must

B.can

C.mustn’t

D.can’t（）45.–The room is so dirty._______ we clean it?

--Of course.A.Will

B.Would

C.Do

D.Shall

第三篇：情态动词专项

情态动词专项

1.can

①（表能力）能…，会…

She can drive, but she can’t ride a bike.A computer can’t think for itself.(不会思考)

②（可能，许可）能够…，可以…

The noise outside has stopped , now I can get down to my study.--Can I use your telephone?--Yes, of course, you can.You can go out to play when you do away with your homework.③有时会…，偶尔…，The climate of East China can be pretty cold in winter.Jogging can be harmful for the health.Even experienced teachers can make mistakes.London could be rather cold in summer while I stayed there.④（表温和的命令）请做…，得…

I’ll do the cooking, and you can do the washing.（请你去洗衣服）

You can go now.⑤（表示猜测）可能…

Can he be working till so late?

Who can it be at this time of day?

Can it be Tom? No, it can’t be Tom.He is busy these days, so he can’t come today.can 与be able to 的区别：

The fire spread through the hotel very quickly, but everyone was able to get out.(强调设法干成某事)

2.shall

⑪用于一三人称的问句中，表示征求对方的意见

Shall I shut the window? Yes, please.Shall she go to the concert with us this evening?

Shall they come in?

Shall we go out for a walk?

⑫用于二三人称，表示命令，允诺，警告，威胁，强制

①You shall go to the front at once.(命令)

②Don’t worry.You shall get the answer this afternoon.（允诺）

③I promise she shall get a nice present on her birthday.（允诺）

④He shall be punished.威胁

⑤You shall listen to me.(命令)

⑥The interest(利益利润)shall be pided into five parts, according to the agreement made by both sides.(命令法规)

⑦It has been announced that candidates(候选人)shall remain in their seats until all the papers have been collected.（表按规定）

3.must

⑪必须

I must keep my word.You must get up much earlier.⑫不必needn’t/don’t have to

--Must I wash the dishes at once?

--No, you needn’t./don’t have to.⑬mustn’t 禁止，不许

You mustn’t play with the knife.Cars mustn’t be parked here.--May I use your pen?

--No, you mustn’t

⑭（表必然性）必定

Everyone must die.⑮（表固执，不满等）偏要硬要

Our there-year-old boy must do the opposite to what we ordered.Just when I was busy, the neighbor must come and chat.Why must you be so stubborn(倔强的)?

If you must know, I’m going to help him look for an apartment.4.should

⑪ 应该

You should apologize to him.We should attend the meeting.⑫（表预期）按理会…，想必会…，一定会…

The concert should be great fun.The photos should be ready by 12:00.The old man is always hunting the lions, so terrible things should happen to him.⑬（表惊讶，遗憾）竟然居然

I’m glad that your story should speak in such a way.I wonder that a person like him should make such a mistake.It’s a pity that he should resign.⑭（用于条件状语从句中）一旦，万一

If she should know the truth, she would be depressed.If you should change your mind, let us know.Ask him to call me up if you should see him.⑮（用于lest, for fear that, in case引导的句子）以免，唯恐

She gave me a list just in case I should forget what to buy.He ran away lest he should be caught.He gets up early for fear that he should miss it.5.would

①(表过去的习惯行为)常常经常

When I was a child, I would often go skiing.We would stay up all night talking about our future.Every morninghe would go for a walk.When he was here, he would go to that coffee shop at the corner after work everyday.区别used to do sth过去常常

I use to be a waiter, but now a taxi driver.There used to be a cinema here before the war.Our country isn’t what it used to be.②（表示说话者的厌烦焦躁）老是偏要

That’s exactly like Susie.She would come to me just when I was busy.(老是在我忙碌时来找我)

I told him not to go, but he would not listen.（可他偏不听）

③（用于if 从句）愿意乐意

If you would go there instead of me, I should be very glad.如果你愿意代替我去那儿，我会很高兴的。

You could win if you would try要是你愿意尝试，你会赢的④（用于否定句中，主语一般是事物，表某事物暂时的特性）就是不能 That window wouldn’t open.That morning my car wouldn’t start.When I called on him this morning, his dog wouldn’t let me in.The door won’t open.The car won’t start.The doctor knows I won’t be operated on.⑤（表示推测）大概，大约

That would be his father.那大概设他父亲。

You would be about 10 years old then.你那时大概10岁。

It would be about ten when they left.I thought she would have told you about it.6.需特别注意：

①may well do sth =be very likely to do sth(很可能，完全能)

may as well do sth = had better do sth

② would like to have done

= would love to have done

= was/were to have done(本来想做…，本来打算做…)

③ had better have done sth（当时已做了…就好了）

④ must have done sth（肯定干过某事）

⑤ can have done sth可能已干过…

can’t have done sth不可能干过…，肯定没干过…

⑥could have done sth本来能够干 …，可能已干过…

⑦ may /might have done sth也许已经干过…，⑧should have done sth

=ought to have done sth本来应该干…

⑨needn’t have done sth本不必做…

⑩would rather have done sth宁愿干过…

would rather not have done sth宁愿没干过…

好成绩是练出来的：

1.A left –luggage office is a place where bags ____ be left for a short time , especially at a railway station.A shouldB canC must D will

2.How ___ you say that you really understand the whole story if you have covered only part of the article?

A canB mustC needD may

3.--There’s no light on.--they ___ be at home.A can’tB mustn’tC needn’tD shouldn’t

4.Some aspects of a pilots job ___ be boring ,and pilots often ___ work at in convenient hours.A can, have toB may, canC have to, mayD ought to, must

5.He didn’t agree with me at first, but I ____ persuade him to sign the agreement later.A couldB mightC ought to Dwas able to

6.If I ____ plan to do anything I wanted to, I’d like to go to Tibet and…

A wouldB couldC had toD ought to

7.The World Web is sometimes jokingly called the World Walt because it ___ be very slow.A shouldB mustC will D can.8.—Is Jack on duty today?

--It ___ be him.It’s his turn tomorrow.A can’tB mustn’tC needn’tD won’t

9.I____ have been more than six years old when the accident happened.A couldn’tB mustn’tC needn’tD shouldn’t

10.—I have taken someone else’s green sweater by mistake.--It ___ Harry’s.He always wears green.A has toB will beC must beD could be

11.You ____ be tired , you have only been working for an hour.A can’tB mustn’tC may notD won’t

12.—Do you know where David is ?I couldn’t find him anywhere.--Well, he ___ have gone far.His coat is still here.A can’tB mustn’tC may notD won’t

13.—Can I pay the bill by check?

--Sorry, sir.But it is the payment shall be made in cash.A shallB mustC will D can.14.—Could I have a word with you, mum?

--Oh, dear, if you ____.A shouldB mustC may D can.15.Naturally, after I told her what to do, my daughter ___ go and do the opposite.A shouldB mustC may D can.16.—Who is the girl standing over there?

--Well, if you ___ know, her name is Mabel.A shallB mustC may D can.17.John, look at the time.___ you play the piano at such a late hour?

A NeedB MustC May D Can.18._____ you need any help, you can phone me at the office.A WouldB ShouldC CouldD Had

19.—I’m afraid I will be too busy to go with you.--Well, I’ll keep a seat for you in case you ___ change your mind.A shouldB mayC will D can.20.If anything __ happen to me, please give this letter to my head teacher.A couldB mustC wouldD should

21.There is a real possibility that these animals could be frightened, ____ a sudden loud noise.A being thereB should there beC there wasD there having been

22.—When can I come for the photos? I need them tomorrow afternoon.--They ___ be ready by 12:00.A shouldB mightC need D can.23.It’s nearly seven o’clock.Jack ___ be here at any moment.A shouldB mustC need D can.班级________姓名_____________

1-5 ___________________2-10___________________11-15_________________

16-20__________________21-23_______

第四篇：穷极文士情态

穷极文士情态、荟萃儒林痛丑的匡超人

——《儒林外史之匡超人》教学设计

教材说明：

《儒林外史之匡超人》是人民教育出版社普通高中课程标准实验教科书语文选修《中国小说欣赏》第四单元“从士林到官场”的重要篇目。教材选自《儒林外史》第19-20回，选文着力塑造了儒林人物匡超人的形象，揭示了匡超人在儒林这个大染缸里最终由一位心地善良的青年堕落成可笑无耻之徒的结局。

学生说明：

这项内容安排在高中二年级时段学习，在此之前，学生对四大名著已有接触，并且进行过研读与探讨；学生在对传统古典小说结构知识与语言文化积累的基础上，进一步学习《儒林外史》这部结构独特、艺术表现手段也独具特色的文学作品，对科举制度以及古代士林有所了解。

教学理念：

立足文本，从作品的语言文字描述中读出作者的情感态度，理解作者的良苦用心，评述人物的形象特征，欣赏并品味文学作品的艺术特色；把人物放到特定的时代背景中去理解。从教材提供的选段出发，延伸到小说的有关章节，使学生比较全面地了解匡超人在那样的儒林环境中，是怎样从一个心地善良的青年堕落到可笑可鄙的人的，把握人物形象的特征，了解作品的社会意义。

教学任务：

1、课前，引导学生认真仔细地阅读文本，读出自己的独特感受；

2、课上，与学生一起探讨匡超人的形象特征及其意义，探讨《儒林外史》的影响，以及它在中国古典文学中的地位和作用。

3、合理安排时间，引导学生阅读小说第15-18回，全面了解匡超人变质堕落的全过程。

4、课后，有兴趣的学生可以进一步探究《儒林外史》的讽刺艺术，及其作品的艺术成就。

教学安排：2课时

教学思路与步骤：

学习准备：

利用网络或相关书籍完成下面的预习任务：

1、阅读课文节选的内容，以及小说第15-18回，了解匡超人的形象特征。

2、对照课后问题进行思考，读出自己的感悟，记下发现并思考的问题。

3、初步了解吴敬梓和他的《儒林外史》。

4、教师把相应的资料运用幻灯片显示出来，以提高课堂信息量。

步骤一：说说“儒家”和“儒林”

儒家作为一种学术流派，儒士作为一个社会阶层，在中国传统文化中有着特殊的地位。东汉班固在他的《汉书•艺文志•诸子略序》中是这样说的：

儒家者流，盖出于司徒之官。助人君，顺阴阳，明教化者也。游文于六经之中，留意于仁义之际。祖述尧、舜，宪章文、武，宗师仲尼，以重其言，于道最为高。孔子曰：“如有所誉，其有所试。”唐、虞之隆，殷、周之盛，仲尼之业，己试之效者也。然惑者既失精微，而辟者又随时抑扬，违离道本。苟以哗众取宠。后进循之，是以五经乖析，儒学寖衰。此辟儒之患。（幻灯片显示文字）

作者笔下的儒林是个怎样的社会呢？这里的人物是“助人君，顺阴阳，明教化”之流吗？读一读《儒林外史》，理一理其中的人物，答案便不言自明。（幻灯片出现问题）

吴敬梓把作品的主要人物锁定在儒士阶层，通过塑造形形色色的人物形象构筑芸芸众生的儒林，来表达自己对科举制度、功名富贵等社会现实的深刻见解，有着极其重要的意义。由此可见，作者取材视角之独特，对社会批判的力度也是显而易见的。

步骤二：说说你所知道的吴敬梓和他的《儒林外史》

请学生说说自己所知道的吴敬梓和他的《儒林外史》，教师作必要的补充。

吴敬梓（1701—1754），字敏轩，号粒民，晚号文木老人，安徽全椒人。中年后自称秦淮寓客，五十四岁客死扬州，只因喜欢杜牧诗句“人生只合扬州老”一语成谶。出生于世代书香官宦家庭，至其父时家境破落让他饱尝了世态炎凉，科场失利又使他对科举的腐败、士大夫阶层的堕落有了清醒的认识，最终使他彻底告别科举仕途，不再与统治阶层为伍。三十三岁时移居南京，在秦淮水亭，历时十余年时间，创造出不朽之作《儒林外史》。（幻灯片显示文字）（图为吴敬梓纪念馆，作者摄于安徽全椒）

关于《儒林外史》的主题，请学生认真阅读并理解单元及课文导语。

步骤三：探讨匡超人的形象特征及其社会意义

《儒林外史》为我们塑造了一个个生动鲜活却又令人含泪去笑的人物形象，既为我们描绘了一幅儒林群丑图，又被视为文运衰落、文人有厄的痛史。在这众多的人物之中，匡超人的形象别具意义，作者借助他把儒林中那些附庸风雅者与追求功名富贵者集中到一起，既展示了士人秀才们的酸腐，又显示出追求功名富贵者的辛辣。唯匡超人一个便已穷极文士情态，荟萃儒林的痛与丑。

作者对他笔下的匡超人及其他人物的态度只是批判与抨击吗？阅读课文，从三个方面讨论并分析匡超人的形象特征。

讨论一：课文节选部分的匡超人，已经由一个心地善良的青年堕落成无耻之徒，他的无耻行为是通过哪些具体的事情反映出来的？注意小说中的语言描写和心理描写，根据课文内容填写下面的表格：

匡超人的无耻行为 为自己开脱辩解 你的独特感受

对待家人的态度 不顾夫人肯否，执意送她去乡下

隐瞒婚史，与辛小姐再婚

闻夫人之死，要母亲、兄长争名份

对待儒林旧友的态度 闻潘三入监，恕不探望

怕承担赏罚不明之虞

恬不知耻自夸 误用“先儒”，酿成笑话

从这里，我们看到的是一个虚伪狡诈、迂腐辛辣的士林丑恶之人，他的言行举止与儒林众生相比，有过之无不及。他的语言、心理活动已使儒林众生丑相毕现，他的行为结果却如此令人生厌与不屑。然而，作者笔下的匡超人最初却并不是这样一个丑恶的人，而是一位心地善良纯净，却又讲孝道、重友情的青年。

讨论二：小说是如何描写心地善良，却又讲孝道、重友情的青年——匡超人的？让学生回顾叙述自己从小说第15-18回里读到的匡超人形象。

第15回：匡超人头一年跟着一个卖柴的客人来省城杭州，在柴行里记账，不想客人消折了本钱，不得回家，于是流落在此。遇到马二先生，受到夸奖：“又勤学，又敏捷，可敬可敬！”并且得到他十两银子的资助。马二先生让他回乡读书，“图个日后宦途相见”；并且告诉他，书中自有黄金屋，书中自有千钟粟，书中自有颜如玉。从马二先生这里，匡超人第一次知道能够求取功名富贵，“显亲扬名”“才是大孝”。这是马二先生给他上的第一课。第16回：回到家乡乐清县，匡超人见人作躬打揖，甚是知书达礼。整日杀猪磨豆腐，帮助久病在床的老父亲出恭，念书至四更鼓。作品中运用大量的细节描写，突出匡超人是个顶极孝子和酷爱读书之人。因他的知书达礼和勤奋苦读，受到知县的提拔，中了相公。第17回：因知县提拔中了相公，却因知县遇事，将会祸及于匡超人，于是，他只得躲

回杭州，旧地重游。客舍中遇到景兰江，景兰江不喜欢马二先生的时文（功名），在一次众人饮酒之时，景兰江问道：“众位先生所讲中进士，是为名？是为利？”众人道：“是为名。”景又说道：“可知道赵爷虽不曾中进士，外面诗选上刻着他的诗几十处，行遍天下，哪个不晓得有个赵雪斋先生？只怕比进士还享名多着呢。”匡超人听得，才知道天下还有这一种道理。——除了马二先生说的功名富贵之外，还有士林秀才们的附庸风雅之趣。

经过这一番见识之后，匡超人的思想与精神发生了急剧的变化。小说在第18、19回里写到他与潘三的相遇，则使他彻底陷入了腐化堕落的儒林大染缸。在潘三眼里，“这一班人（西湖诗会诸友）是有名的呆子。”景兰江因为做诗把头巾店的本钱做得精光，并且告诫匡二相公，“在客边要做些有想头的事，这样人同他混缠做甚么？”

在潘三的招待之下，匡超人先是做起了赌场的抽头，接着为潘老爷弄回批、假文书，经过潘三的出谋划策，成为考场枪手，干起了替考的勾当。在潘三看来，“像这都是有些想头的事，也不枉费一番精神，和那些呆瘟缠甚么！”匡超人果然听了潘三的话，和那边的名士来往稀少。后来，在潘三的一手策划之下，娶巡抚衙差郑老爹的三女儿为妻。从此，匡超人便彻底堕落为一个无耻可笑可鄙之徒。

讨论三：作者塑造匡超人这个人物形象的用意是什么？

全本小说总共五十五回，作者用了六回来塑造匡超人的形象，作者塑造这个人物形象的用意何在？引导学生展开讨论。

说明作者所处时代的儒林已经是一个大染缸，匡超人的变质堕落的过程正是儒林熏染的结果。这充分说明了匡超人这个人物在《儒林外史》中具兄匾纳缁崂返匚弧?BR书面作业：请学生用自己的语言，简练、准确地概括匡超人的形象特征。

步骤四：研读《儒林外史》，探讨作品的艺术成就

问题一：作品的独特结构——“虽云长篇，颇同短制”

这部作品不仅以讽刺作为主要的艺术手段，而且在结构上与通常的长篇小说以中心人物、中心事件来结构故事的方式不同，以连缀的故事、相互衔接的人物，既独立又前后呼应地结成艺术整体。它奠定了我国讽刺小说的基石，对后来的文学的影响是巨大而深远的。问题二：独特的艺术表现手法——讽刺艺术

作者因久阅文坛，对文人心态自然非常熟稔，一旦发为讽刺，不但穷形尽相，往往还剔骨见髓，使有疾者霍然汗出。他观察点的特色是：一个人物，一种冲突。周进、范进都是在八股制艺取士的舞台上扮演着悲喜剧的角色，马二先生是一个具有双重性悲剧的人物，匡超人人性的异化则是“圣人”之徒戕害的结果。实际上吴敬梓是对形形色色的知识分子进行了一次哲学巡礼。

细节描写，夸张的语言，写实手法，等等，这些是形成小说讽刺艺术的基础。步骤五：中外文学视野中的《儒林外史》

在中国古代长篇小说的几种经典性著作中，《儒林外史》是最受冷落的一种，以至鲁迅要为之抱不平：“《儒林外史》作者的手段何尝在罗贯中下，然而留学生漫天塞地以来，这部书就好象不永久，也不伟大了。伟大也要有人懂。”（《且介亭杂文二集•叶紫作《丰收》序》）所著有《文木山房集》，《诗说》若干卷；又仿唐人小说为《儒林外史》，穷极文士情态，争传写之。（程晋芳《吴敬梓传》）

迨吴敬梓《儒林外史》出，乃秉持公心，指摘时弊，机锋所向，尤在士林；其文又戚而能谐，婉而多讽：于是说部中始有足称讽刺之书。（鲁迅《中国小说史略》）

夫曰《外史》，原不自居正史之列也；曰“儒林”，迥异玄虚荒渺之谈也；其书以功名富贵为一篇之骨，有心艳功名富贵而媚人下人者；有倚仗功名富贵而骄人傲人者；有假托无意功名富贵自为高，被人看破耻笑者；终乃以辞却功名富贵，品地最上一层，为中流砥柱。（清•闲斋老人）

《儒林外史》是一部极为出色的著作，足堪跻身世界文学杰作之林，它可与意大利卜伽丘、西班牙塞万提斯、法国巴尔扎克或英国狄更斯等人作品相抗衡。„„可称为世界上一部最不引经据典、最饶诗意的散文叙述之规范。（英国《中国文学与外国文学之比较研究》）吴敬梓是十八世纪现实主义的讽刺文学家。杰作《儒林外史》共五十五回，是以社会群丑为题材的中世纪骑士故事。故事情节不受拘束，前后穿插贯串。这点与蒲松林不同，而使他对作品的叙述和人物性格的描写都远远超过了前人。采用方言是他独特的写作方法，从而使小说得到了很好的展现。（英国•大百科全书）

思考并写作：在你的视野中，《儒林外史》或匡超人是怎样的呢？

第五篇：高考情态动词

2025 ~ 2025 年高考题汇编

情 态 动 词

1.Sorry I'm late.I ________ have turned off the alarm clock and gone back to sleep again.（2025北京春季）（A）

A.mightB.shouldC.canD.will

2.I was really anxious about you.You_________ home without a word.（01全国）（B）

A.mustn’t leaveB.shouldn’t have leftC.couldn’t have leftD.needn’t leave

3.— Write to me when you get home.— _________（01北京春季）（C）

A．I mustB．I shouldC．I willD．I can

4.— Is John coming by train?

— He should, but he _________ not.He likes driving his car.（02全国）【Ｄ】Ａ．mustＢ．canＣ．needＤ．may

5.― I heard they went skiing in the mountains last winter.― It ______ true because there was little snow there.（02北京）（C）

A.may not beB.won’t beC.couldn’t be

D.mustn’t be 6.— I hear you’ve got a set of valuable Australian coins — Yes, certainly.（02北京春季）（B）I have a look?

A.DoB.MayC.ShallD.Should

7.A left luggage office is a place where bagsbe left for a short time, especially at a railway station.（03全国卷）（B）

A．should B．can C．must D．will

8.— The room is so dirty.we clean it?

— Of course.（03北京春季）（B）

A．Will B．Shall C．Would D．Do

9.---Who is the girl standing over there?

---Well, if you______ know, her name is Mabel.（04天津）(C)

A may B can C must D shall

10.“The interestbe pided into five parts, according to the agreement made by both sides,” declared the judge.（04重庆）(D)

A.may B.should C.must D.shall

11.---I don't mind telling you what I know.---Y.I'm not asking you for it.（04江苏）(D)

A.mustn'tB.may notC.can'tD.needn’t

12.I ____ pay Tracy a visit, but I am not sure whether I will have time this Sunday.（04浙江）(A)

A.shouldB.mightC.wouldD.could

13.---I’ll tell Mary about her new job tomorrow.---You________ her last week.（04福建）(D)

A．ought to tell B．would have told C．must tell D．should have told

14.I often see lights in that empty house.Do you think I _____ report it to the police?（04广西）（A）

A.shouldB.mayC.willD.can

15.Mr.White _____ at 8:30 for the meeting, but he didn’t’ show up.（04广西）（A）

A.should have arrivedB.should arrive

C.should have had arrived D.should be arriving

16.---Excuse me, but I want to use your computer to type a report.---You ______ have my computer if you don't take care of it.（04湖南）（A）

A.shan't B.might notC.needn'tD.shouldn't

17.— Excuse me.Is this the right way to the Summer Palace?

— Sorry, I am not sure.But it be.（04湖北）(A)

A．mightB．will C．mustD．can

18.---Mum, I’ve been studying English since 8 o’clock..I go out and play with Tom

for a while?

---No, I’m afraid not.Besides, it’s raining outside now.（04辽宁）(A)

A．Can’tB．Wouldn’tC．May notD．Won’t

19.Children under 12 years of age in that country ________ be under adult supervision when is a

public library.（04上海）(A)

A.mustB.mayC.canD.need

20.---Isn’t that Ann’s husband over there?

---No, it______ be him---I’m sure he doesn’t wear glasses.（04全国I）(A)

A can’t B must not C won’t D may not

21.You ______ be tired---you’ve only been working for an hour.（04全国II）(C)

A must not B won’t be C can’t D may not

22.---Tom graduated from college at a very young age.---Oh, he______ have been a very smart boy then.（04全国IV）（D）

A could B should C might D must

23.You might just as well tell the manufacturer that male customers _______ not like the design of the furniture.（04上海春季）（C）

A.mustB.shallC.mayD.need

24.He __________ have completed his work;otherwise, he wouldn’t be enjoying himself by the

seaside.(05北京卷)(B)

A.shouldB.mustC.wouldn’tD.can’t

25.He paid for a seat, when he ______ have entered free.（05山东卷）(A)

A.couldB.wouldC.mustD.need

26.---I've taken someone else's green sweater by mistake.---It ______ Harry's.He always wears green.(05广东卷)(D)

A.has to beB.will beC.mustn't beD.could be

27.— Do you know where David is? I couldn’t find him anywhere.— Well.Hehave gone far—his coat’s still here.（05湖北卷）(C)

A．shouldn’t B．mustn’t C．can’t D．wouldn’t

28.If Iplan to do anything I wanted to, I’d like to go to Tibet and travel through as much

of it as possible.（05湖北卷）(B)

A．would B．could C．had to D．ought to

29.---Lucy doesn’t mind lending you her dictionary.---She ______.I've already borrowed one.（05湖南卷）(C)

A.can'tB.mustn'tC.needn'tD.shouldn't

30.The more I think about him, the more reasons I find for loving him ___ I did.（05湖南卷）(A)

A.as much asB.as long asC.as soon asD.as far as

31.— Tom is never late for work.Why is he absent today?

— Something ________ to him.(05江西卷)(D)

A．must happenC．could have happened B．should have happened D．must have happened

32.John, look at the time._______ you play the piano at such a late hour?（05全国卷3）(B)

A．Must B．Can C．May D．Need

33.Tom, youleave all your clothes on the floor like this!（05全国卷1）(B)

A．wouldn’tB．mustn’tC．needn’tD．may not

34.There _________ be any difficulty about passing the road test since you have practiced a lot in the driving school.（05上海卷）(C)

A.mustn’tB.shan’t C.shouldn’t D.needn’t

35.The World Wide Web is sometimes jokingly called the World Wide Wait because it

_________be very slow.（05浙江卷）(D)

A．should B．mustC．willD．can

36.I was on the highway when this car went past followed by a police car.They ____ at least 150

kilometers an hour.（05重庆卷）(B)

A.should have been doingB.must have been doing

C.could have doneD.would have done

37.I _______have been more than six years old when the accident happened.（05天津卷）(B)

A.shouldn'tB.couldn'tC.mustn'tD.needn't

38.Helen ______ go on the trip with us, but she isn’t quite sure yet.（05安徽卷）(C)

A.shallB.mustC.mayD.can

39.This cake is very sweet.You __________ a lot of sugar in it.（05辽宁卷）(D)

A．should put B．could have put C．might put D．must have put

40.---The woman biologist stayed in Africa studying wild animals for 13 years before she

returned.---Oh, dear!She _______ a lot of difficulties!(05江苏卷)(D)

A.may go throughB.might go through

C.ought to have gone throughD.must have gone through

41.I have lost one of my gloves.I ________ it somewhere.（05北京春季）（B）

A.must drop B.must have dropped

C.must be dropping D.must have been dropped